Tran g6 co hai IOGli : tran van ghep va tran trat.
1/- Trrin van ghep : Mat tr~n duoc ghep bang cac van g6 dong dinh van da dutri cua dam san, Cac taln van ghep co tll~ dat sat van nhau hoac ghep chat voi nhau bang mong ham IL['Crigil nhulat van san. Van ghep tran thuong c6 kich thuoc day 1,5cm, r¢ng
12cm hcac ICJn hall, dai tuy theo each b6 trf dam Sa11.
2/- TraIl tr'at : DuCJc cau t~o ba11g cac thal1h lati dOl1g di11h vaa dams an (ll0~C d§m traIl). M~t du'di trat vuãa v6i rdm 110~CthGlch cao ... TraIl trat con dLrqc laIn bal1g cac me tran (dii trat SaIl vtia va d~ kho) deln de'n gac len cac n~p g6 dong -;ao bel1 c~nh va day dUln SaIl, nl~t trãftll hoan Chlll11 dLfqc trat saLl cLIng. Kicl1 thLfdC eLla tlla1111lati th~tdl1g c1uqc Cl1911tlleo cd : dai lIn, day 0,5 ...lCln, r91lg 3 - 4cm va d011g cacl1 nllau tu' 1 -21n.
(H4-l3).
v.- Cae Io~i san g6 di~n hinh :
170
- Gia thanh cua san thap cao hon va ton nhieu thep hon so v&i san betong cot thep.
2/ Ket cau chi u luc :
• •
- Can bao tri chong ri set bang son hoac bao che bang betong' cho cac bi? phan ke't cau s~t thep cua san.
1.2- Nhiroc di~m :•
-
go.,..
, -
- Lap rap de, thi ceng nhanh, mot lien ket giua cau kien chac va on dinh hon san
• •
- San co the su dung duoc ngay sau khi xav dung,
- Die n tich san co kha nang phu r<)ng hon nhung trong lllQ'ng san thep van nhe bang san go. Chieu cao xay dung cua san thep van nho hon san betong cot thep,
- San thep kho chay, tuy nhien co the bi cong va sire chiu bi suy giam dll&i tac dQng cua nhiet do eao.
• •
1.1- Uu di~m :
... ~
San thep thirong diroc thirc hien trong cac nha co ket cau khung sinrn bang thep, ap dung ph6 bien trong kien true cong nghiep va kien true dan dung dac biet,
1.- Dac• di~m :
\,
.,
1.- Dac• diem :
~ 'L'
§ 3.- Cau tao san sat thep .
- San g6 don gian : d~ thuc hien nhung eo th~ bj rung, khong each 31n va kern v~
sinh khi SLit dung, ap dung trong 1111a tarn thoi hoac re ti@11.
,
- San go phirc tap : Loai san go co kha nang each 31n t6t va Illy quan cao. Ap dung trong nha cao cap hoac phong 6c dac biet.
(H4-14 ; H4-15)
- Loai san duoc cau tao bang g6.
- Loai san co ket cau h611 11<]Pgdrn g6 va thep hoac g6 va betong cot li~u nhe.
2/- Phan loai theo ki~u each cau tao:• •
Call tao san g6 co nhieu ki@ll loai, m6i ki~u eo khac nhau ve dac tmh, nhirng ve dai cutrng co th~ phan loai theo vat lieu hoac theo ki~u each cau tao :
1/- Phan loai theo vat lieu:• ••
171
1.1- B6 tr idaI11: tren mat ba11g co lien quan den tri so nhip cua Call phong, Thong thuong trong cac nha dan dung, cac xa doc, tuong doc duoc. dung lam g6i tua. Dam duoc
,
d?t ngang nha each dell trong khoang 1,5 - 2,5m. cJ nhirng nhip lrrn, sa do ddm san
tllUC111gla hai 11~d~m duoc b6 tri vuong goc voi nhau gOlllãCOdtun Cll11111va dam phu.
1.2- TIãC)11gtrirong hop da1n thep gac len tirong thi Call darn bao su lie11ket tot gura san va tLI'C)'11gballg each bo tri' va Call tao cac 1)9 p11~11 11l1Lt la :
a- Sat chang gilt tirng cap mot giira 2 dam va giira dam hien voi nrong.
b- Cau tao sat neo dau dam trong than nrong va dau dam duoc d~t tren tam ke bang thep ban de tang dien tich g6i tua tren tuong.
c- Cac dau dam (J vi trf doc theo cac canh bien cua san can duoc kieng lai bang thep
ban 40-50rnm voi bo phan nern d~ cang dieu chinh.
1.3- Tnrong hop tren mat bang kien tnic cua san thep can b6 tri cac nrong ngan thi tuy tnrong hop rna gia co dam trong ket Call chill hrc cua san tai vj trf c6 tuong.
a- Khi tuong diroc b6 tri doc theo dam:
al - Dung mot thep hinh I de chiu tirong mongo a2 - Ghep dam khi nrong day 20cm.
b- Khi nrong duoc b6 trf thang g6c v6i h~ dam san thl ap dung giai phap xay gach cuon vorn giira hai dam d~ chiu nrong.
1.4- Dam ph" d~t tren dam chinh :
lJ- D~Jt_tiefl ke' : ap d~ng cho trt10ng hqp dam chinh la m¢t thep hlnh nen canh kh6ng
du rQng.
b- DiJ.t 110i dau : ap d~ng khi dam chinh duqc ghep doi do d6 di~n tich g6i tIla cua dam ph~ duqc bao dam duo (H4-17, H4-18).
1/- Gac dat daln san:•
2.1- B9 phan chiu Iuc chmh cua san la dam duoc dung bang thep hinh I, U vrri co.
thirong dung 100 - 300Inm, va d~t each khoang ttl 0,40m del1 2ln tuy theo ki~u each va
vat lieu tram chen gitia cac dam. Chieu dai datn nen chon trong giol han 4 - 7n1.
Chieu cao h cua dam co th~ chon so be>voi h - 0,03L.
(L la nhip cua dam).
2.2- B9 phan phu luc trong k6t cau cua san can co thep gang va bulon chang gilt giira cac dam bang thep tron hoac vuong cd 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 va duoc dat each khoang
tu' 0,50 - 1,00nl. (H4-16).
11.-Chi ti~t cclu tao :•
172
- ?
3.3- Gach rong hoac tam phang chen san. (H4-Z4, H4-Z5).
De tranh hien urong khac mau {1 tren nha tai v] trf dam thep, co the dung loai gach
boc dam de trat vfra tran. Kieu chen nay tang kha nang each am, each nhiet cho san, nen thirong duoc dem ap dung cho cong trinh nha o.
3.4- Ban betong cot thep lap ghep hoac toan kh6i. (H4-26)
Ket cau chen nay co th~ d~t b canh duoi ho~c (1 canh tren cua dam. Trong truong
3.1- Betong cot lieu nhe (kieu c6 dien)
3.2- V om gach the, vom gach rong, vom vo betong. (H4-23)
Ap dung khi khoang each giita cac dam khong 1&11lam, trong hrong ban than cua san 1&0 va ton nhieu cong lao dong.
b- Dam phu d~t b cung mot cao trinh voi canh tren cua dam chinh thi chieu cao
xay dung cua san se diroc giam bot, nhirng ket cau lien ket ghep n6i co phan phtrc
tap hone
c- D!1m phu dat 0 cung mot cao trinh voi canh diroi cua dam chinh, nho the rna tao ra diroc tran phang, Ban se lam viec t6t han VI diroc ke tren ca 4 canh nhirng cau tao
chen se phirc tap. (H4-22).
3/- Cau tao cac kieu chen tram gifJa dam san:
Tuy theo khoang each giira cac dam san, cap hang cong trinh, yeu cau tao hinh kien
true va chieu cao xay dung cua san rna chon ket cau chen tram khoang trong giila cac
dam theo cac kieu each va vat lieu• • nhir sau :
Tuy theo moi tnrong hop rna chon kieu lien ket cho phu hop voi nhirng yeu cau kien tnic cua san. Cau tao lien ket thtrong diroc dung giai phap thep hlnh chir V va bulon.
a- Ghep noi don gian nhat la dat dam phu len canh tren cua dam chinh. Trong
tnrong hop nay, chieu cao xay dung cua san IOn va tao ra suon 1<)0 phia diroi cua tran
san (H4-21).
2/- Ghep noi dam:
2.1- Ghep dam:
a- Bang thep hinh : thong thirong khi co yeu cau ghep dam thi co th~ ghep 2 hoac 3 thep hinh bang bulon. (H4-19).
b- Bang thep ban : tnrong hop can co co darn lon, ta co th~ dung thep hinh chu V d~ lien ket cac thep ban lai thanh dam theo tiet dien thiet ke ..(H4-Z0).
2.2- Lien ket dam phu vito dam chinh :
173
- Stfa chira, cai tie'n kh6.
- Kha 11311geach am khong cao, cc1nco bien phap each am cho san theo yell cau, - Tai trong ban than len, co th~ khac phuc ba11g cach dung v~t li~u bet6l1g c6t li~u
•
San bstoug cot thep la IOGli san diroc ap dung ph6 bien trong xay dung J<ie'11true dan dung va COl1gnghiep, bao gan1 nhirng cong trinh cap 3 trd len, cong trinh d~c biet
l111Uãkho 110achat n6, kho xang ddu hoac noi thuong tiep XlIC voi hoa chat, hay voi mroc
thU~(111gb] ~111irot.
Nhirng dac di~ln chu yeu cua Sa11betong c6t thep : 1/- Uu di~nl :
- Call tao don gian, ben chac co dO cling Ion,
- Kha nang chong chay tot, khong muc nat, it phai bao tri, d~ thea man cac yeu cau ve v~ sinh.
- Virot 9ltQC khau dQ Ion, dien tich rong.
- 'I'huan tien trong viec cong l1ghi~p hoa xay dung, 2/- Nhtroc di~m :..
1.-Dac di~m :•
§ 4.- Cau tao san betong cot thep,
" ~
4.2- Kieu san dung ton dap hinh va betong hroi thep, Loai san co k113nang each
3111,each nhiet cao nho viec ap dung v~t li~u phu 11Qphien dai vao mat phu san va tran,
d011gthoi t~11d~111gdiroc khoang tr6ng trong cl1ieu cao xay dung cua san d~ che dau cac ducng Ol1gtrang tl1ie't bi dien, mroc va dieu hoa nhiet d¢. (H4-27, H4-28).
4.1- Ki~u san dung d~ln thep voi k~t cAu chen tram bang t011 dQ11S011gdat tren
dan.
.)
xirong.
Ki~u loai san dap irng yeu cau phu mot dien tich rorig, trong hrong ban than tircng
doi nhe ap dung trong kien true cong nghiep hoac cong trinh kie'11true cd quan hanh
c111l1h.Cau tao don gian thi C011gnhanh, voi cau kien lap. ghep diroc clle' tao SaIl tai cd
....
hop thir nhat ta co trdn phang d~ dang tao hinh kie'n true, trirong hop thir hai thi hoac Iii dalll co'phu bang mot lop trat tren hrol thep boac d~ hb ben dirdi,
4/- Cau tao san thep hien d~i :
174
a- Vu diem : Thoa man yeu cau cong nghiep hoa san xuat va CO gioi hoa thi congo Ket cau chiu lire san diroc che tao 0 nha may hoac tai cong tnrong, sau do se dung thiet bi cau lap dira van vi trio Loai san nay nang cao diroc hieu suat lao dong, tang toc do thi cong khong bi han che boi thai tiet, tiet kiem go van khuon va nang cao chat IUQl1gcau kien, dong thoi co the cai thien diroc dieu kien lao dong cua cong nhan.
b- Nhuoc diem : Loai nay co d(>cirng khong bang loai san toan khoi. Do do can co bien phap gia co nhat la 0 cac vi trf lien ket rap noi.
2.3 - San betong cot thep ban lap ghep :
Loai san duoc thi cong voi phirong each tong hop iru diem cua 2 loai tren, trong do se co mot bo phan lap ghep. Nho vay rna co th~ tiet kiern diroc mot khoi hrong g6 van khuon va cay chong, nang cao hieu suat lao dong, dQ ctffig t6ng the tuang d6i IOn. Tuy
- San siren lap ghep dung panen.
- San siren ban lap ghep,
1.2 SaIl khong smrn : Loai san chi gom co ban hoac panen dat true len tirong chill lire hoac datI cot rna khong co dam. Thuoc nhom nay con co loai san n§m toan khoi, lap ghep hoac ball lap ghep,
2/ Theo phmrng'phap thi cong :
San betollg cot thep co th~ dirccthi cong theo 3 each :
2.1 SaIl toan khoi : Vdi phurrng each thi cong nay thi dam bao ducc dQ cling len va lien ke't tot cho san.
Ap dung cllo cac loai nha co mat bang khong theo mot qui tac nhat dinh hoac cac nha co yeu Call dac biet, Cling can luu y de"nnhuoc di~m cua each thi cong nay 13.ton
van khuon va sire lao dong, thi cong cham va bi han che' boi thoi tie't.
2.2 SUIl betollg C(>tthep lap ghep :
- San sutrn toan khdi co ban ke ben canh.
- San siren ki~ll 0 cd
San betong c6t thep d.uC]cphan theo 2 loai :
1.1 San co sudn : Cae ~am la siren cua san dircc b6 tri theo 1 hoac 2 phurrng tren 11e dam co ban dircc due toan kh6i vci dam hoac panen lap ghep. Thuoc nhom san
co siren gom cac loai :
- San siren toan khdi co ban loai• dam .
1/- Theo sd do ket cau:
11.- Phan loai :•
•
~ "
gan vuong.
c- San narn : (H4-30) Ket cau cua san narn gam mot ban day co mat bang vuong hoac tron diroc dat a tren mot dau c(>t chiu a trung tam ban. D~ giam thieu ap suat tap
trung a dau cot thirong diroc cau tao mil cQt loe ra. Be day e cua ban diroc chon
e > 1/321 voi biroc cot• 1 = 6 - 8m va chieu cao cua mil cot•• h = 4 - 5e voi do doc cua phan loe c6 th~ chon la 30°, 45°, 60°.
Loai san nay thtrong diroc dem ap dung cho cong trtnh kien tnic co yeu cdu mat bang
nrong d6i 100 nhu nha bach hoa, chq ho~c co xuOng.
2/- Sao betong cot thep hloh thue ban dam:
2.1- Ilae diem:
Theo phuorig thirc truysn hrc rna co th~ phan thanh : ban mot phuong, ban hai
phuong va san nam.
a Ban mot phinrng : Ban chlu lire theo mot phurmg voi ti so gilta 2 canh ld/In >3.
Nhlp ella ban nen chon trong khoang 2m la kinh t~ va b~ d~ycua ban IS.6 - Scm. Ban
Call diroc gac sau vao tirong 1/2 gach. K6t edu ban mot phirong thich hop eho san nha hep va dai l111Uãd hanh lang, khu v~ sinh hoac bep,
b- Ban hai phuong : Ban chiu luc thea 2 phuong, ban ke 4 canh vci ti s6 giira 2 canh ban: nen chon 1/1 - I /1,5 va chieu dai cac canh trong khoang 3 - 4m, voi chien day
cua san la 8-12cm. Do d6 rna ket cau ban 2 phirong thich hop voi san nha c6 mat bang
- San betong cot thep hinh thirc ban con diroc goi la san khong siren, - Sa11betong cot thep hinh thirc ban d~m con diroc goi la san co siren.
-~I San betong c6t thep hinh thirc ban:
1.1 D~c di~m : ban diroc lien k~t ngam hay ke ttl do tren d~m hoac tircng theo
cac canh.Llu di~m cua loai san nay la khong gian thong thiiy len, tran phang, van khuon
.
thi cong don gian.
1..2 Pha111oai:• (H4-29)
- Theo hinh thirc k~t c~u ta co 2 loai :• san...
1111iel1van co v~n d~ la qua trinh thi cong Udt, tuong doi con nhieu nen vi~c thi cong
V~11bi han che' bdi• • thoi tis't.