II/ MODAL VERB +HAVE +PP (Diễn tả một hành động đáng lẽ ra đã thực hiện trong quá khứ nhưng không)
(PASSIVE VOICE: MODAL VERB +HAVE + BEEN +PP)
1/Must + have + PP→chắc hẳn đã(diễn tả một sự suy đoán hợp lý từ quá khứ).
2/Should + have +PP→đáng lẽ ra nên làm trong quá khứ nhưng không.
3/Could/ Might + have +PP→diễn tả một khả năng không được thực hiện trong quá khứ.
4/Needn’t + have+PP→diễn tả một sự không cần thiết thực hiện trong quá khứ.
EXERCISES:
CHOOSE THE BEST MODAL TO COMPLETE EACH OF THESE SENTENCES 1. I'm not sure. I ………… come a few minutes late.
a. may b. must c. mightn't d. needn't
2. Bring your umbrella. It ……… rain later today.
a. must b. may c. might d. b & c
3. – What are you doing this weekend \?
– I haven't decided yet. I ……….. go on a picnic with my family.
a. may b. may not c. must d. needn't
4. I think we ………… be on time for the meeting after all, so don't worry.
a. must b. need c. may d. shouldn't
5. – Do you think they will come today?
– Well, they ………. come today. But I think they'll want to look around first.
a. must b. needn't c. might d. can't
6. You ………. wash the car. I just had it done yesterday.
a. mustn't b. needn't c. might d. can't
7. "Have you seen Jack?" – "No. but he …….. be studying in the laboratory."
a. must b. should c. needn't d. may
8. It's secret. You ……….. let anyone know about it.
a. mustn't b. needn't c. mightn't d. may not
9. "I didn't have time for breakfast this morning."
"You ……….. be very hungry now"
a. might b. may c. must d. a and b
1. She ___ be ill. I have just seen her playing basket ball in the school yard.
a. needn't b. shouldn't c. mustn't d. can't
2. Hiking the trail to the peak ______ be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You _______ research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.
a. might / can b. may / mustn't c. can / should d. must / needn't 3. Peter has been working for 10 hours. He _______ be very tired now.
a. needn't b. must c. has to d. should
4. He is unreliable. What he says _______ be believed.
a. cannot b. must not c. may not d. might not
5. I _______ find my own way there. You _______ wait for me.
a. should / can't b. have to / must c. can / needn't d. might/mustn't
6. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It ____ be lying around here somewhere. Where ___ it be?
a. might / needn't b. can / should c. shouldn't / may d. must / can 7. When you have a small child in the house, you ______ leave small objects lying around. Such objects _______ be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
a. should / must b. should not / might c. needn't / may d. mustn't / can't 8. Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He _______ it here last night.
a. must have left b. should have left c. must be leaving d. needn't leave 9. Jenny's engagement ring was precious! It _______ have cost a fortune.
a. must b. should c. can d. needn't
10. You __ take your umbrella along with you today. It _ rain later on this afternoon
a. ought to / mustn't b. needn't / will c. will / must d. should/might 20. I _______ be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably _______ take a taxi if I want to be on time.
a. must/ have to b. mustn't / shouldn't c. should / needn't d. may / must 21. You _______ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
a. needn't b. mustn't c. do not have to d. may not
22. The television isn't working. It _______ during the move.
a. should have been damaged b. needn't be damaged c. must have been damaged d. ought not be damaged 23. I am not deaf. You _______ shout.
a. must b. mustn't c. need d. needn’t
24. John failed again. He _______ harder.
a. must have tried b. should have tried c. can tried d. may have tried 25. _______ I borrow your lighter for a minute?
- Sure, no problem. Actually, you _______ keep it if you want to.
a. May / can b. Must / might c. Will / should d.Might / needn’t 26. I do not mind at all. You _______ apologize.
a. shouldn't b. needn't c. mustn't d. oughtn't to
27. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He _______ exhausted after such a long flight now.
a. must be b. must be being c. must have been d. should have been 28. The lamp _______ be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.
a. should not b. might not c. must not d. will not
29. It is a top secret. You _______ tell anyone about it.
a. mustn't b. needn't c. mightn't d. won't
30. We have plenty of time for doing the work. We _______ be hurried.
a. needn't b. shouldn't c. mustn't d. mayn't
31. I _______ be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably _______ take a taxi if I want to be on time.
a. must/ have to b. mustn't / shouldn't c. should / needn't d. may / must 32. You _______ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
a. needn't b. mustn't c. do not have to d. may not
33. The television isn't working. It _______ during the move.
a. should have been damaged b. needn't be damaged c. must have been damaged d. ought not be damaged 34. I am not deaf. You _______ shout.
a. must b. mustn't c. need d. needn’t
35. John failed again. He _______ harder.
a. must have tried b. should have tried c. can tried d. may have tried
+ Thay đổi thì của động từ trong câu : bằng cách cho lùi về quá khứ một bậc.
- simple present - simple past - present cont -past continuous - present perfect - past perfect - simple past - past perfect
- past continuous -past perfect continuous - present per.cont-past perfect continuous
-simple future -presentconditional (should/would) - past perfect - past perfect
- perfect conditional-unchanged (không đổi) + Thay một số từ thời gian & nơi chốn.
- now- then
- today / tonight- that day / that night -tonight - that night
- tomorrow- the following day / the next day - yesterday- the previous day the day before
- next week / month…-the following week / month…
- last week /month…- the week before /the month before…
- the day before yesterday- two days before - the day after tomorrow-in two days’ time - ago- before
- tomorrow morning- the following morning - last Tuesday- the Tuesday before
- right now- at once - here- there
- this / these- that / those
* Một số thành ngữ động từ được giữ nguyên khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp: had better,would rather, used to, would mind,
if clauses II &III, wish clauses ( present or past time),should,would,might,could,should….……
*Must -> would have to( khi ý nói về tương lai);->had to (khi ý nói về quá khứ) ` * S2,O2->I,ME,MY,MINE /WE,US,OUR->S1 /YOU,YOUR->O1