3.1. The realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese on the
3.1.1. Linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English
The data about deverbal nominalization in English collected from the articles on the bbc.co.uk was firstly classified into different categories according to the form of the deverbalized nouns in the cases. The table below shows the distribution of the nominalization cases in terms of linguistic realizations:
LINGUISTIC REALIZATIONS OF DEVERBAL NOMINALIZATION IN ENGLISH
Adding suffixes
Suffixes Quantity Percentage
-ing 78 33.48
-ion 56 24.03
-er 38 16.31
-ment 19 8.15
-or 7 3.00
-y 5 2.15
-th 2 0.86
-ee 3 1.29
-ance 3 1.29
-ence 2 0.86
-is 2 0.86
-al 1 0.43
-ness 1 0.43
-ant 1 0.43
-ure 1 0.43
Number of cases 219 93.99
Others
Forms Quantity Percentage
loss 4 1.72
knowledge 3 1.29
sight 3 1.29
response 2 0.86
death 2 0.86
Number of cases 14 6.01
TOTAL 233 100
Table 1. Linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English
All cases of deverbal nominalization taken from English articles on the bbc.co.uk have been listed in Appendix A, pages I-XVIII. The following are some examples of deverbal nominalization in English taken from the model articles on the bbc.co.uk:
a. Adding “-ing” suffix:
“…At the height of Israeli bombings of Gaza in August, militants on social media criticized IS for killing Muslims while doing nothing to help the Palestinians…”
(http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123528) b. Adding “-ion” suffix:
“…The web is an extraordinary innovation, with the greatest potential to usher in social change since the invention of the printing press or the steam engine…”
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/technology/8485833.stm) c. Adding “-er” suffix:
“…The drivers behind IS' unrestrained extremism can be traced to its origins with al-Qaeda in Iraq, led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was killed by the Americans in 2006…”(http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123528)
d. Adding “-ment” suffix:
“…A 2£m plan is in place to attract shoppers by making improvements to the market place in Grantham…”(http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/- /2/hi/uk_news/england/lincolnshire/8607039.stm)
e. Adding “-or” suffix:
“… It empowers everyone - men, women, children - to be creators of information rather than passive consumers.,,” (http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/- /2/hi/technology/8485833.stm)
f. Adding “-y” suffix:
“…Small, button-shaped batteries can be easy to swallow and cause thousands of injuries every year, some fatal…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/science-
environment-29885832) g. Adding “-th” suffix:
“…Researchers found new growth on the stumps left, except where deer had come in and eaten it…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west- 30127289)
h. Adding “-ee” suffix:
“…The key ministries of interior, defence and national security remain unfilled because nominees could not be
agreed.”(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-middle-east-12047721) i. Adding “-ance” suffix:
„…Then they zip along twisted tracks which have seen little maintenance since they were installed in the 1920s.”(http://www.bbc.com/news/business-11604718) k. Adding “-ence” suffix:
“…SNH said the study showed the need for further monitoring of the beaver‟s activities and called for annual repeat surveys to gauge the persistence, growth and spread of the current beaver population…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk- scotland-tayside-central-20781407)
l. Adding “-is” suffix:
“…My 18-year-old mother has been diagnosed with dementia, but it was noticeable well before her diagnosis...”(http://www.bbc.com/news/health- 25334102)
m. Adding “-al” suffix:
“…US president Barrack Obama called the approval of the cabinet a “major step forward in advancing national unity”…”
n. Adding “-ness” suffix:
“…Shaking reports help planners identify weakness in construction standard and are used to raise the level of preparedness for the next big event…”
(http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-20531304) o. Adding “-ant” suffix:
p. “…It is believed the current wild beaver populations in Tayside are the descendants ofescapees from private collections in Angus and Perthshire over the past decade…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-20781407 Adding “-ure” suffix:
“…There is a pretty good new story in here- that the levels of radioactivity offshore are not of significance to human health in terms of exposure…”
(http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-17124909) q. Others:
“…The vast majority of the carers have no understanding or knowledge of the condition…”(http://www.bbc.com/news/health-25334102)
“…His hope was that the procedure would stop further deterioration and save what little sight he had left…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/health-25718064)
“…Researchersgot a mixed response from local businesses about how the project was affecting them…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west- 30127289)
“…Beavers were once native to Scotland but died out because of hunting and habitat loss.”http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-30127289 As presented in table 1, the most striking feature of linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English is that in most cases nominalizers are used.
Approximately 94% of the deverbalized nouns are formed by the process of affixation, adding a suffix to a root verb. Put it another way, deverbal nominalization in English can be realized through the form of the newly formed word.
Moreover,from the table, it can be seen that“-ing” suffix is the nominalizerwhich is used with the highest frequency, with about one-third (33.48%) of the total number of deverbal nominalization cases taken from the sample articles.Among the rest of the total nominalization cases, “-ion” nominalizer ranks second, and “-er” nominalizer ranked third with nearly one-fourth (24.03%) and one-sixth (16.31%) of the total cases respectively. Besides, “-ment” nominalizer occupies more than 8% of the total nominalizations cases. Such suffixes as “-ness”,
“-ure”, “-al”, etc. are rarely used to create a deverbalized noun.
In addition,the data from the table shows that there are only some cases in which verbs are converted into nouns without using any nominaliers such as “know” -
“knowledge”, “lose” - “loss", “see”-“sight”...Deverbal nouns formed in this way are rare and often viewed as morphological changes.