In this study, a contrastive comparison has been made to find out the similarities and differences of deverbal nominalization between English and Vietnamese from cognitive perspective. The study only concentrates on a very small aspect of nominalization; therefore, further research into nominalization should be carried out to have an overall picture of the contrastive comparison of nominalization in two languages. The following aspect should be touched upon in further research:
Deadjectival nominalization
Nominalization at clause level
Nominalization from functional perspective
Nominalization from cultural perspective
Nominalization from cognitive-functional perspectives
REFERENCES
1. Biber D., Conrad S., and Leech G. (1992), Student grammar of spoken and written English, Longman, London.
2. Diep, Q. B., & Hoang, D. (2005). Ngu phap tieng Viet. Ha Noi city: Education.
3. Đức, Đ. V. (1986). Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt (từ loại), Nxb Đại học và Trung học chuyên nghiệp. Hà Nội.
4. Fisiak, J. (Ed.). (1981). Theoretical issues in contrastive linguistics (Vol. 12).
John Benjamins Publishing.
5. Gibson R. Ferguson et al. (2011). English as a Globalization Phenomenon.
Observations from a Linguistic Microcosm. Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
6. Halliday, M. A. (1994). Functional grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
7. James, Carl (1981). Contrastive Analysis. Harlow: Longman.
8. Krzeszowski, T. P. (1990). Contrasting languages: The scope of contrastive linguistics (Vol. 51). Walter de Gruyter.
9. Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. New York:
Oxford University Press.
10. Heyvaert, L. (2006). A Cognitive-Functional Approach to Nominalization in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
11. Loan, N. T. B. (2013). So sánh đối chiếu hiện tượng danh hóa động từ trong tiếng Việt và tiếng Anh. Tạp chí Khoa học, (46), 13.
12. Monika Rathert and Artermis Alexiadou (2010). The Semantics of Nominalizations across Languages and Frameworks.Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter 13. Radden, G., & Dirven, R. (2007). Cognitive English Grammar (Vol. 2). John Benjamins Publishing.
14. Rathert, M. and Alexiadou, A. (2010) The Semantics of Nominalizations across Languages and Frameworks. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
15. Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a cognitive semantics. Volume 1: Concept structuring systems. Volume 2: Typology and process in concept structuring.MA: MIT Press, Cambridge.
16. Taylor, J. R. (2002). Cognitive grammar (Vol. 120, No. 9). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. Ungerer, F., & Schmid, H. J. (2013). An introduction to cognitive linguistics.
Routledge.
18. Wenguo, P. & Mun, T.W., (2007). Contrastive Linguistics: History, Philosophy and Methodology. London, New York : Continuum.
WEBSITES:
1. http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-29098929
2. http://aeo.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/Files/Nominalization/Nom%20LOC.html
3.http://www.cambridge.org/grammarandbeyond/grammar-practice-activities/
2015/04/from-everyday-to-academic-writing-style-part-2-from-verbs-to-nouns 4. http://qualityproofreading.co.uk/the-art-of-nominalization
5.http://www.cambridge.org/grammarandbeyond/grammar-practice-
activities/2015/04/from-everyday-to-academic-writing-style-part-2-from-verbs-to-nouns 6.http://www.vanhoahoc.vn/nghien-cuu/van-hoa-hoc-ung-dung/van-hoa-giao- tiep/497.html?task=view
7. http://2.vndic.net/
APPENDIX A
No Cases of deverbal nominalization in English
Countable Equivalent sentences without deverbal nominalization
Article No1: Grantham in £2m Improvement Hopes
Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/england/lincolnshire/8607039.stm Date of puplication: July 4th, 2010
1-2 A 2£m plan is in place to attract shoppers by making improvements to the market place in Grantham.
√
√
A 2£m plan to improve the market place in Grantham is in place to attract people who go there to shop.
3 It is hoped that plans to make the area pedestrian friendly will encourage
shoppers and create a café culture. √
It is hoped that plans to make the area pedestrian friendly will encourage those who shop at the market place in Grantham and create a café culture.
4 5 6
A council decision on funding for the planned improvements will be reached by the end of April.
√
√
The council will decide the money funded for the plan to improve the market place by the end of April.
7 The plans are for improvements to street furniture, pavements and the road surface.
√ The plans are to improve street furniture, pavements and the road surface.
8 9
Alastair Hawken of the Grantham Business Club believes the benefits the improvements will bring will outweigh the losses.
√
√
Alastair Hawken of the Grantham Business Club believes what they benefit from the fact that they improve the market will outweigh what they lose.
10 Mr. Hawken said: Any investment in Grantham has to be a good thing.
Mr. Hawken said: Anything (which is) invested in Grantham has to be a good thing
Article No2: The Rise of the Digital Elites
Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/technology/8485833.stm Date of publication: January 29th, 2010
11 12
The web is an extraordinary innovation, with the greatest potential to usher in social change since the invention of the printing press or the steam engine.
√ The web is extraordinarily innovated, with the greatest potential to usher in social change since the printing press or the steam engine was invented.
13 14
It empowers everyone - men, women, children - to be creators of information rather than passive consumers.
√
√
It empowers everyone - men, women, children - to create information rather than the fact that they passively consume it.
15 It‟s also an enormous library of global consciousness, a digital collection of human knowledge from the past and the present.
It‟s also an enormous library of global consciousness, a digital collection of what humans know about the past and the present.
16 Jimmy Wales, founder of the online- user generated encyclopaedia Wikipedia, admits that despite being the current poster child of information
√ Jimmy Wales, who founded the online- user generated encyclopaedia Wikipedia, admits that despite being the current poster child of information levelling,
levelling, Wikipedia has explicit hierarchies that determine whose knowledge is more worthy than others'.
Wikipedia has explicit hierarchies that determine whose knowledge is more worthy than others'.
17 Indeed, when I joined the inventor of the web - Tim Berner's Lee - in Ghana as he was travelling to remote villages to try to understand what could happen when the African continent,
…
√ Indeed, when I joined the person who invented the web - Tim Berner's Lee - in Ghana as he was travelling to remote villages to try to understand what could happen when the African continent, …
18
…what could happen when the African continent, parts of which have only recently been physically connected to the rest of the web with high-speed broadband access, makes its contribution to the international dialogue.
what could happen when the African continent, parts of which have only recently been physically connected to the rest of the web with high-speed broadband access, and contribute to the international dialogue.
19- 20
Ultimately, the web is a reflection of humanity, not a humanity-changer.
√
√
Ultimately, the web reflects humanity but doesn‟t change it.
Article No3: Islamic State: Can Its Savagery Be Explained?
Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123528 Date of publication: September 9th, 2014
21 Since the sudden appearance of the extremist Sunni Islamic State (IS), the group has seized headlines with a shocking level of blood-letting cruelty.
Since the extremist Sunni Islamic State (IS) suddenly appeared, it has seized headlines with a shocking level of blood- letting cruelty.
22- 23- 24- 25- 26
Islamic State has become synonymous with viciousness - beheadings, crucifixions, stonings, massacres, burying victims alive and religious and ethnic cleansing.
Islamic State has become synonymous with viciousness – It beheads, cricifies, stones victims, kills a large number of people cruelty, buries victims alive amd even cleanses ethnic minorities
27 It‟s a conscious decision to terrorize enemies and impress co-opt new recruits.
√ It is consciously decided to terrorize enemies and impress co-opt new recruits.
28 Beginning with the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1980, this Islamic insurgency dissipated by the end of 1990s.
√ Beginning with the fact that Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1980, this Islamic insurgency dissipated by the end of 1990s.
29 Bin Laden went to great lengths to rationalise al-Qaeda's attack on the US on 11 September 2001, calling it
"defensive jihad", or retaliation against perceived US domination of Muslim societies.
Bin Laden went to great lengths to rationalise al-Qaeda's attack on the US on 11 September 2001, calling it "defensive jihad", or retaliation against perceived US that dominates Muslim societies.
30- 31
Conscious of the importance of winning hearts and minds, Bin Laden sold his message to Muslims and even
Conscious of the importance of the fact that IS wins hearts and minds, Bin Laden sold his message to Muslims and even
Americans as self-defence, not aggression.
Americans as the way to defend themselves, not to show their aggression.
32 This kind of justification, however, carries no weight with IS leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, who cannot care less what the world thinks of his blood-letting.
The way they justify their violence, however, carries no weight with IS leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, who cannot care less what the world thinks of his blood- letting.
33 But they end up in the clutches of IS doing it evil deeds, such as beheading innocent civilians.
But they end up in the clutches of IS doing it evil deeds. For example, they beheaded innocent civilians
34- 35
Following in the footsteps of al- Zarqawi, al-Baghdadi ignored repeated pleas by his mentor Ayman al-Zawahiri, head of al-Qaeda, and other top militants to avoid indiscriminate killing of Shia.
Al-Baghdadi follows the footsteps of al- Zarqawi, he ignored repeated pleas by his mentor Ayman al-Zawahiri, head of al- Qaeda, and other top militants to avoid Shia being indiscriminately killed.
36 The drivers behind IS' unrestrained extremism can be traced to its origins with al-Qaeda in Iraq, led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was killed by the Americans in 2006.
√ The things that drive behind IS' unrestrained extremism can be traced to its origins with al-Qaeda in Iraq, led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was killed by the Americans in 2006.
37 Not unlike its predecessor, IS is nourished on an anti-Shia diet and visceral hatred of minorities in general, portraying itself as the spearhead of Sunni Arabs in the fight against sectarian-based regimes in Baghdad and Damascus.
√ Not unlike what precedes it, IS is nourished on an anti-Shia diet and visceral hatred of minorities in general, portraying itself as the spearhead of Sunni Arabs in the fight against sectarian-based regimes in Baghdad and Damascus.
38- 39
At the height of Israeli bombings of Gaza in August, militants on social media criticised IS for killing Muslims while doing nothing to help the Palestinians.
At the height of the incident that Israeli bombed Gaza in August, militants on social media criticised IS because it killed Muslims while doing nothing to help the Palestinians.
40 IS retorted by saying the struggle against the Shia takes priority over everything else.
IS retorted when it says the struggle against the Shia takes priority over everything else.
41- 42
Now that the US and Europe have joined the conflict against IS, the group will use all its assets in retaliation, including further beheading of hostages.
Now that the US and Europe have joined the conflict against IS, the group will use all its assets to retaliate, including the fact that more hostages are beheaded.
43- 44
A few month ago, in response to chatter by his followers, al-Baghdadi acknowledged that this organization was not equipped to attack the Americans at home
√
A few month ago, to respond to chatter by the people who follow him, al-Baghdadi acknowledged that this organization was not equipped to attack the Americans at home
Article No 4: Bee Decline Linked to Falling Biodiversity Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/science/nature/8467746.stm
Date of publication: January 20th, 2010 45 Bees make glucose oxidase (GOX) to
preserve honey and food for larvae against infestation by microbes
Bees make glucose oxidase (GOX) to preserve honey and food for larvae so that they won‟t be infested by microbes.
46 So that would mean they have better antiseptic protection compared to other bees…
So that would mean they are better antiseptically protected compared to other bees…
47 A possible conclusion of the new research is that the insects need to eat a variety of proteins in order to synthesize their various chemical defenses.
√ It is possibly concluded about the new research that the insects need to eat a variety of proteins in order to synthesize their various chemical defenses.
48 David Aston, who chairs the British Beekeepers' Association technical committee, described the finding as
"very interesting" - particularly as the diversity of food available to UK bees has declined.
David Aston, who chairs the British Beekeepers' Association technical committee, described what was found as
"very interesting" - particularly as the diversity of food available to UK bees has declined.
49- 50- 51
"If you think about the amount of habitat destruction, the loss of biodiversity, that sort of thing, and the expansion of crops like oilseed rape, you've now got large areas of monoculture; and that's been a fairly major change in what pollinating insects can forage for."
"If you think about the amount of habitat that is destroyed, the biodiversity that is lost , that sort of thing, and the crops like oilseed rape that are expanded, you've now got large areas of monoculture; and that's been a fairly major change in what pollinating insects can forage for."
52 While cautioning that laboratory research alone cannot prove the case, Dr Alaux said the finding tied in well with what is happening in the US.
While cautioning that laboratory research alone cannot prove the case, Dr Alaux said the findin what was found tied in well with what is happening in the US.
53 In the UK, the problem may have been compounded by loss of genetic diversity among the bees themselves.
In the UK, the problem may have been compounded because genetic diversity among the bees themselves loses.
54- 55- 56
In the UK, where farmers are already rewarded financially for implementing wildlife-friendly measures, Dr Aston thinks there is some scope for turning the trend and giving some diversity back to the foraging bees.
In the UK, where farmers are already rewarded financially for wildlife-friendly measures to be implemented, Dr Aston thinks there is some scope for the trend to be turned and some diversity to be given back to the foraging bees.
57- 58
"I'd like to see much greater awareness among land managers such as farmers about managing hedgerows in a more sympathetic way - hedgerows are a resource that's much neglected," he said.
√ "I'd like to see much greater awareness among those who manage land such as farmers about how hedgerows are managed in a more symetic way - hedgerows are a resource that's much neglected," he said.
Article No 5: Smartphones to Be Pocket Seismometers
Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-20531304 Date of publication: December 5th, 2012
59 The devices contain accelerometers and a team at the Berkeley Seismic Laboratory says the mechanisms are capable of monitoring tremors.
The devices contain accelerometers and a team at the Berkeley Seismic Laboratory says the mechanisms are able to monitor tremors.
60 An app is being developed that will record the shaking during major events and then report the data back to a central server over the cell network.
An app is being developed that will record how it shakes during major events and then report the data back to a central server over the cell network.
61- 62
It is the sort of insight that is useful for future hazard assessment and risk planning.
It is the sort of insight that is useful for future hazard and risk to be assessed and planned.
63 The University of California, Berkeley, researcher was speaking here at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, the world's largest annual gathering of Earth scientists.
The University of California, Berkeley, researcher was speaking here at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, the world's largest annual occasion on which Earth scientists gather.
64 The confounding issue, of course, is that phones are rarely left alone on a flat surface - they are moving around
with their owners. √
The confounding issue, of course, is that phones are rarely left alone on a flat surface - they are moving around with the people who own them.
65- 66- 67
"The pattern recognition algorithm sees typical human activities such as walking, running and driving, and we use that information to disengage those activities from the earthquake signal," said Mr Kong.
"The pattern recognition algorithm sees typical human activities; for example, people walk, run and drive, and we use that information to disengage those activities from the earthquake signal," said Mr Kong.
68 Berkeley's project is very much in its early stages and the team hopes soon to start recruiting more people into its research project.
Berkeley's project is very much in its early stages and the team hopes soon to start to recruit more people into its research project.
69 This is a region that lives with the knowledge that a major quake could happen at any time.
This is a region that is known as a place where a major quake could happen at any time.
70-
71 Having good reports on the amount of shaking in an earthquake from different locations is invaluable data.
It is invaluable data to have good reports on how much it shakes in an earthquake from different locations.
72 The level of disturbance a person feels will depend on many things.
The level at which a person feels that (s)he is disturbed will depend on many things.
73- 74
Shaking reports help planners identify weakness in construction standard and are used to raise the level of preparedness for the next big event.
√ Shaking reports help those who plan constructions identify weakness in construction standard and are used to help prepare for the next big event more carefully.
75 How much warning an individual gets will depend on how far they are from the epicenter of a quake.
How much an individual is warned of a quake will depend on how far they are from its epicenter.
Article No 6: 'Quantum Coat' Makes Batteries Child-Safe Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29885832
Date of publication: November 3rd, 2014 76 Engineers in the US have produced
child-safe batteries with a special coating that stops them causing harm if they are swallowed.
Engineers in the US have produced child- safe batteries which are coated with a special substance that stops them causing harm if they are swallowed.
77 Small, button-shaped batteries can be easy to swallow and cause thousands of injuries every year, some fatal.
√ Small, button-shaped batteries can be easy to swallow and cause thousands of people to be injured every year; some even die.
78- 79
The insulation is critical because the injuries and deaths happen when batteries get wet and release current after they are swallowed.
√
√
The insulation is critical because people are injured and die when batteries get wet and release current after they are swallowed.
80- 81- 82
Two years ago, one of Dr Karp's colleagues saw the statistics on the problem - more than 3,000 ingestions per year in the US - and his team started looking for a solution.
√
√
Two years ago, one of Dr Karp's colleagues saw the statistics on the problem - more than 3,000 cases in which children ingested batteries per year in the US - and his team started to look for a way to solve it.
83 So Dr Karp's team didn't have to look far once they hit upon the idea of making batteries touch-sensitive.
So Dr Karp's team didn't have to look far once they hit upon the idea for batteries touch-sensitive to be made.
84- 85
Dr Kate Parkins has seen several small children suffer terribly after swallowing batteries, including two recent deaths.
√
Dr Kate Parkins has seen several small children suffer terribly after they swallow batteries, including two recent cases in which people died.
86 She said it was "pretty horrific" to see internal bleeding that doctors can't stop, no matter what they try.
She said it was "pretty horrific" to see children bleed internally that doctors can't stop, no matter what they try.
87 Even with all of that and, in one case, surgical intervention, we still couldn't get control."
Even with all of that and, in one case, it was surgically intervented, we still couldn't get control."
88- 89- 90
The only solutions Dr Parkins had seen proposed, until now, were ideas such as making the batteries taste bad, or painting them with dye.
√ The only way to solve the problem Dr Parkins had seen proposed, until now, were ideas; for example, the batteries were made to taste bad, or painted with dye.
91 "These things are made at such enormous scale that you need quite widespread adoption, in order to bring in something new," Dr Shearing said, adding that the coating design "does seem relatively scalable and inexpensive".
"These things are made at such enormous scale that you need to adopt it quite widespread, in order to bring in something new," Dr Shearing said, adding that the coating design "does seem relatively scalable and inexpensive".
92 Dr Karp and his team in Boston have √ Dr Karp and his team in Boston have filed