- Phiro'ng phap quan sat, do dac: Bang kinh nghiem ctia minh, ket hgp
c. Dia hinh: Thap dan theo hudng ttr Bac xudng Nam \a ttr Ia\ sang Ddng
\di do cao trung binh ttr 5 den 20 met so vdi myc nudc hien. 3 4 dien tich ty nhien cua Ha Ngi la ddng bang.
II.7.3. Dieu kien kinh te - xa hoi
a. Dgc diem ddn cu:
1 la Ngi la ihu dd ddng thdi cting la thanh pho ldn thtr hai Viet Nam \ e dan sd vdi 6.233 trieu ngudi (2008).
- Mat do ddn sd: Phan bd khdng deu giua cac lanh thd hanh chinh va giua
cac N'ting sinh thai. Mat do dan sd trung binh ciia Ha Ngi la 3.317 ngudi/km" (sd lieu 01''04''2004). Fla Ngi la thanh phd Idn cua ca nudc. mat do dan sd cao nhat va tang nhanh cting vtVi qua trinh dd thi hoa. cd sy chenh lech rai ldn gitra hai khu vuc ngi thanh va ngoai thanh. Quan Hoan Kiem cd mat do dan sd cao nhat (tdi 37.258 ngudi/km"). gap 48 lan so vdi nai cd mat do dan sd thap nhat cua thanh phd la huyen Sdc San (772 ngudi/km").
- Lire lugng lao ddng: Fla Ngi cd 3.2 trieu ngirtri dang trong do ludi lao dgng.
Miic dii vay. thanh phd van thieu lao dgng cd trinh dt) chii\en mon cao. Nhieu sinh vicMi tdt nghiep van phai dao tao lai. ca cau \ a chat lugng ngudn lao dgng chua dich chuyen theo yeu cau co cau nganh kinh te. Fla Ngi cdn phai ddi dau vdi nhieu van de khd khan khac. Nang lyc canh tranh ciia nhieu san pham dich vt.i cting nhir strc hap dan mdi trutmg dau tu ciia thanh phd cdn thap. Viec chuyen djch ca cau kinh te van chain, dac biet ca cau ngi nganh cdng nghiep, dich vi.i va cac san pham chti lyc tntii nhgn. Chat lugng quy hoach phat trien cac nganh kinh te d Ha Ndi khdng cao va thanh phd cting chua buy ddng tdt tiem nang kinh te trong dan cu.
h. Kinh ti
Vj the trung tain kinh te ctia Ha Ngi da dugc thiet lap ttr rat lau trong lich su. Cting vdi Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Ha Ngi la mgt trong hai trung tam kinh le cua ca qudc gia. Nam 2007, GDP cua thanh phd tang khoang 12,1%, tdng gia tri \ual khau dat tren 4 ty USD. tdng thu ngan sach khoang 45.709 ty ddng. GDP binh quan dau ngudi cua Ha Ngi len tdi 3 1,8 trieu ddng.
Xdy dung Adas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi 25
c. Du lich
Vdi Ijch sir lau ddi 1.000 nam tudi. tru>en thdng \an hda da dang \a giaii ban sac. Thu dd Ha Ngi thye sy la mgi trung tam du lich ldn cua Viet Nam. Du lich Ha Ngi ludn la mgi trong nhiing dja diem thu htil nhieu khach du lich trong \a ngoai nudc. Fla Ngi dtrng dau ca nudc \ e sd lugng di tich lich su. cd the manh \a du dieu kien de phat trien du lich van hda. tam linh va hgi thao.
d.Hdnh chinh su nghiep
Ha Ngi la mgt trong nam thanh phd tryc thudc Trung uang ctia Viet Nam. cting vdi Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh. Hai Phdng. Da Nang va Can Tha. Rieng Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va Ha Ngi cdn dugc xep vao dd thi loai dac biet. thoa man cac tieu chuan nhu t> le lao dgng phi ndng nghiep trong tdng sd lao dgng tren 9()"n. qu\ md dan sd trcMi 1.5 trieu, mat do dan sd binh quan ttr 15.000 ngudi/km- tra len. co' sd ha tang hoan chinh...
Ha Ndi cd cac don vi hanh chinh: 9 quan. 5 buyen. 122 phutrng. 99 xa. 8 thi
tran (sd lieu 01/04/2004). Ha Ngi gdm cac quan: Ba Dinh. Hodn Kiim, Hai Bd Trimg. Ddng Da. Toy Hd. Thanh Xiidn. Cdu Giay. Long Bien. Hodng Mai vd huyen: Ddng Anh. Gia Lam. Sdc San. Thanh Tri, Tir Liem.
Xdy dimg Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi 26
CHUONG III: KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU III.l. HIEN TRANG CAY CO THU H A NOI
HI.1.1. Thanh phan loai cay
Ket qua dieu tra cay cd thu Ha Ngi da thdng ke dugc 62 loai ca\ thugc 30 hg thye vat khac nhau (Phu luc). Nbtrng loai cay nay dugc trdng phan bd rai rac d tren dudng phd. mdt vii cdng vien va dac biet la Vudn Bich thao va khu vyc xung quanh.
Vdi sd lugng cay cd thy trong ndi thinb thdng ke dugc mdt sd loai cd sd
lugng ca the ttr 10 cay trd len.
Bang 3-1: Cay co thu co so lugng ca the tir 10 cay trd len TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ho thuc vat Anacardiaceae Moraceae Dipterocarpaceae Apocynaceae Meliaceae Combretaceae Caesalpiniaceae Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Sapindaceae Mimosaceae So luo'ng ca the 119 79 65 54 42 . 27 22 16 15 13 10
Cay Mudm, Da, De, Si, Sanh thudc cac hg Anacardiaceae, Moraceae la nhung cay tieu bieu trong cac Dinh, Den, Chtia. Mdt sd loai cay trdng phd bien tren dudng phd nhu: Bing, Sua, Xa ctr, Nhdi... cung da dugc trdng ttr cudi the ky XIX. Mdt sd cay da budc vao thdi ky gia cdi, rdng rudt, tnijc gdc.
O Ha Ngi cd mdt vii loii tuy rat phd bien nhung lai dac biet dgc dao bdi nd la cay cd tbij tren 300 tudi nhu cay Dai d Chtia Mgt Cdt, cay Thj d dinh Chem. cay Mudm d den Quan Thanh, cay Gao d Bao tang Lich str, hay Nha khach Bg Qudc phdng. Tuy ban 100 tudi nhung la cay Gao Idn nhit ctia Ha Ngi cdn sdt lai. moi
Xdy dimg Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi 27
miia ra hoa cay mang lai ve dep rye rd. Cbting ta da biet mdt met khdi gd Sua cd gia 500 trieu ddng v i d H i Ndi da cd vai cay Sua cd tudi tren 100 nam.
HI.1.2. So luo'ng va phan bo cay co thu Ha Noi
Ket qua khao sat thdng ke dugc tren dia phan Ha Ngi cd 725 ca> cd thu. Trong qua trinh khao sat cd the bd sdt mdt it cay. Ngay ca trong ndi thanh mdt sd dja diem chua tiep can dugc nhu khu van phdng Chinh phti hay Dai str quan Phap... Bdi vay con sd thdng ke se cdn nhieu ban ntra.
Bang 3-2: Tong hgp so luong cay co thu 6' cac Quan, Huyen TT Cac quan huyen
Cac quan noi thanh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ba Dinh Hoan Kiem Hai Ba Trung Ddng Da Tay Hd Cau Giay Thanh Xuan Hoang Mai Long Bien
Cac huyen ngoai thanh 10 11 12 13 14 Gia Lam Thanh Tri Ttr Liem Ddng Anh Sdc San So luong ca the 596 288 74 103 57 38 6 12 6 12 129 32 38 14 23 22
Su phan bd cay cd thy tren cac quan la khdng ddng deu, chti yeu d cac quan Ba Dinh, Hai Bi Trung, Hoan Kiem. Phan Idn cac cay cd thu d day dugc trdng
Xdy dimg Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
trirdc the ky XX. Cic Quan cdn lai cay cd thy thudng d trong cac Dinh. Den. Chtia va li nhii-ng ca\ cdn sdt lai va dugc bao \ e trong qui trinh dd thi hda.
Tirimg ty nhu vay, nhting cay cd thu d cic buyen ngoai thanh cung thudng tdn tai trong cac Dinh, Den, Chtia hay d dau cdng lang. Loai cay chti yeu la Da, Si vi mdt vii cay Mudm. Dac biet tai xa Phti Linh cdn tdn tai mdt cay Lim cd thti
trong \'uan mdt gia dinh. Theo chti nhan ke lai day li cay Lim cd ttr ddi cha dng cdn
sdt lai ciia mdt khu rtrng ty nhien.
Phan Idn nbtrng cay cd thu d cic huyen cung dang cd nguy co bj tic dgng manh tir con ngudi vi ttr qua trinh dd thj hda ndng thdn.
III.1.3. Tinh hinh quan ly va bao ve cay co thu Ha Noi
Da dugc xic dinh li cay cd tht,i. cd nghTa la cay dd da gia tren 100 tudi cting vdi nhung tic dgng ben ngoai da gay cho cay nhieu tdn thuang lam giam qua trinh sinh trudng v i tudi thg cua cay.
Chiing ta cdn nhd cay gao trirdc cira Den Ngge Son da chet kho do con ngudi phdng ue vao gdc cay trong nhieu nam. Bdi vay khi danh gia tinh hinh quan ly chung ta phai xic dinh ttr nhan thtrc ctia ngirdi quan ly bao ve. , ••
Cdy cd thu la tdi sdn ed gid tri cdn dirge bdo ve
De gay trdng dugc nhirng cay cho bdng mat va tao nbtrng canh quan dep, chung ta phii can mdt vai chuc nam va cd dugc nbtrng cay cd thu phai can bing tram nam. Cha dng cbting ta trdng cay vi ngiy nay cbting ta dugc budng thu ttr nhung lgi ich cay dd mang lai. Thye chat nd li tai sin cha dng de lai cho cbting ta ngiy hdm nay, cay cd thu li nbtrng tai sin vd gii.
a. Cdc ca quan qudn ty chua vdo cupc
Tir xua den nay mgi ngudi chi quan tam den trdng va bao ve cay bdng mat. Nhung it ai de y den trong sd hang van cay bdng mat dd. Cd mgt sd rat nhd la nhti'ng cay cd tbi^i cdn sdng dugc den ngay nay can dugc cham sdc va bao ve.
Chinh vi vay cdng viec khao sat cay cd thu Ha Ndi vtra qua la mgt khdi dau tdt dep de bao tdn cay cd thu vi de xuat cac chinh sach va bien phap sau nay. Nhung cdng viec khao sat niy lai khdng xuat phat ttr nbtrng ca quan quan ly ctia Hi Ndi.
Xdy dung Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
b. Phdt huy nhirng tiem ndng sdn eo cua cdy cd thu
Nhieu cay cd thy rat dep. d nbtrng vj tri trang trgng, bdi vay trong hgi thao \ e cay cd thu Ha Ndi mdt sd nha quan ly du Ijch da cd y tudng khai thac phuc vu cho du Ijch.
Khi xay dyng cac sin pham du Ijch cd the ket hgp gidi thieu ve lai lich ca\ cd thu cho khach du lich khi den tham cac di tich lich str. cac Dinh. Den. Chiia. Thdng thudng cay cd thu tdn tai song song ctmg \ di sy xa> dyng va phit trien ctia di tich vi ddi chd cay cd thu cdn gan vdi nbtrng yeu td tam linh ctia ngudi Viet.
III.1.4. Nhung gia trj ciia cay co thu
a. Gid tri lich sir
Nhu da trinh bay d tren mgi cay cd thu d H i Ndi la nhirng nhan chirng Ijch str, mang dau an cita qui trinh xay dyng va phat trien ctia Thti dd Ha Ngi.
Nhung cay Mudm tren 300 nam dugc trdng ttr nhung ngay dau trting tu Chtia Quan Thanh (Quan Tran Vu trudc day). Chtia dugc xay dyng ttr ddi Ly Thai Td (1010 - 1028). Nam 1680 dudi ddi Le VTnh Tri Chtia dugc trting tu va cho dtic tugng ddng den. Nhirng cay Mudm trong san chtia cung dugc trdng ttr thdi dd.
Dinh Chem dugc xay dyng vao nhung nam gan cudi the ky 17 Cay Thj, Cay Mudm, cay Rudi cting dugc trdng vao nbtrng nam dau sau xay dyng.
Nhirng cay da dau lang, trudc cdng lang d cic xa ngoai thinh Ha Ngi deu gan vdi sy ra ddi vi phit trien cua ling xa. Nhti'ng cay cd thu trong cdng vien, vudn hoa, tren dudng phd Ha Ndi deu gan lien vdi ca qua trinh khai phi, md mang va xay dyng Ha Ngi. Nhirng cay cd thu nay da may man cdn sdt lai va trai qua nhieu bien cd cua Ijch sir, sy tan phi khdc liet cua thien nhien va tic ddng vd y thtrc ctia con ngudi. Vi vay gii trj nd mang lai la vd cting quy gia.
b. Gid tri tdm linh
Ngudi dan Viet Nam quan niem nhirng cay cd tht.i sdng lau nam nhu mot cay than cd y nghTa linh tbieng va mgi ngtrdi thudng den dd de cau xin sy phti hg may man. Chinh vj vay, d nhieu cay cd thy nhat la nhirng cay Da, cay Bd de, cay Si ngudi ta thudng lap cac dien thd. Hang thing mdng mgt, ngay ram am lich mgi
30
Xdy dung Atlas cdy co thu Hd Ndi
ngudi thudng den thap buong cau khan cho nhirng dieu tdt lanh. Chinh dieu nay da lim cay cd thu dugc bao ve tdt hon, va mgi ngudi khdng dim xam pham den.
Chimg ta cd the bat gap nhieu cay nhu the tren mdt sd dudng phd Ha Ndi hay phd bien ban li nbtrng cay Da, cay Bd de d nhirng thdn xdm ngoai thanh H i Ndi.
c. Gid tri thdm my
Da ndi den cay cd thy li phii ndi den dang dep cita cay. cai dang dep cua nbtrng cay gii. Cting nhu con ngudi cd dang dep lao cua nhiing ngudi gii.
Cay dep bdi than cay gii nua, sti si, mdc thech, gdc cay binh ve phit trien tao thd vQ-ng trai, chac chan cua cay gia. Cinh cay phat trien, tin xde rdng che mit ci mgt viing rdng. C) mdt sd cay Da, Si den miia qui chim chdc ve nhieu, riu rit tao nen khdng khi thanh binh am ciing.
Hing cay cd thu tao cho chung ta nbtrng y tudng ve sy hoanh tring ctia thien nhien. Nhu hang Xoai (Muom) trong khu lim niem Bac Hd. hing cay Trdm md. Xa Cir trong vudn Bich thao, hing Sao Den phd Ld Due. Tat ca nhung hing cay dd deu tao nen nhting ve dep rieng cho H i No
d. Gid tri dgc ddo
Cay cd thy H i Ndi cd 62 loii. nhung chi cd mdt sd loai hay ndi dung ban li mdt sd cay cd tinh chat ddc dio. Neu vi du mdt vii cay:
Cay Dai d chiia Mdt Cdt, Den Vua Bi.
Cay Mudm d chtia Quan Thinh, Chiia Ling, dinh U'ng Thien, Dinh Giip Nhat. Cay Thj, cay Rudi dinh Chem.
Cay Roi chiia Mdt Cdt, chtia Lang. Cay Lim d xa Phti Linh, huyen Sdc Son.
Va cdn mdt sd cay khic niia. Tat ca nbtrng cay cd thu dgc dao ciia Ha Ndi se dugc thd hien trong tap Atlas cay cd thy Ha Ngi se dugc cdng bd nay mai khi cdng trinh nghien ciru kdt thiic vdi nbtrng thdng tin day dii ve ten cay, dja diem, xa phudng, Dinh, Ddn, Chiia, tga do dja ly va nbtrng md ta kem theo ve dudng kinh, chieu cao, tin li ctmg nhirng dac diem ddc dio cua cay.
.\'dy dirng Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
e. Gid trj quy hiem
Gii trj quy hiem neu chi ndi den mdt sd loai cay cd ghi trong sich dd Viet Nam (Phan thye vat) thi chua dii. Ma cdn phai ndi den mdt sd loii cay cd gia tri quy bdi sy hiem hoi it oi ctia cay dd cdn tdn tai d Ha Ndi. bdi gii tri ve ve dep ctia nd td diem cho Hi Ndi.
Cay quy hiem cd loai Sua, Giang huang. Gd do. Rieng mdi cay Sua cd thu cd gia tri den bac ty neu tinh den gia mdt met khdi Sua la 500 trieu ddng.
Cay dep cd the ke den cay Gao, Ldc vti'ng, Dai cd thu cdn lai rat it d Ha Ndi.
/ Cdy Idu ndm gdn vdi ten tudi cua cdc danh nhdn vdn hda
Ttr sau ngay hda binh lap lai nam 1954. Mdt sd cay trdng luu niem da dugc luu giir lai.
Cay Vii stra, ddng bao mien Nam tap ket ra tang Bic Hd dugc trdng ben canh nhi sin den nay da tren 50 nam.
Hai cay Da Bic Hd trdng tren dudng Thanh Nien va Cdng vien Thdng Nhat cung da ban 50 tudi.
Khi sang tham Viet Nam, tdng thdng An Do Parasat da ipang cay Bd De tti' dat Phat den trdng d Chtia Tran Qudc nam 1958 nay cung da Idn.
Nhung cay nay da ghi dau an ky niem nhung danh nhan van hda ctia dat nudc va the gidi.
Ngoai ra mdt sd cay khic do cac nha lanh dao trong nudc vi khach nudc ngoai dugc trdng nbtrng nam gan day dan dan cting se dugc thdng ke ghi nhan.
g. Cdy cd thu gdp phdn xdy dung mdi trudng xanh, sach, dep
Cay cd thu ndi rieng va cay xanh ndi chung gitip cai thien chat lugng khi hau cac tieu vting, giam thieu tieng dn vi ban che d nhiem khdng khi. Vai trd ctia cay xanh cd the giup cho viec dieu hoi khdng khi mtia He thdng qua co che quang hgp. Cd the coi cay xanh la "nha may dieu hoa khdng khi ty nhien". Mdt cay mgc rieng le cd the chuyen ddi khoang 4001 nudc/ngay neu cung cap dti do am (Kramer & Kozolowski, 1970). Ban dem tan cay xanh mat nhiet chain ban tao ra tam man chan gitra nhiet do dem lanh va be mat trai dat am. Vi vay nbiet do dudi tan cay ban dem
Xdy dung Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi ^^
am ban ngoii chd trdng. Trong trudng hgp ban ngi} thi nhiet do dudi tan cay lai thap va do am tang ban so vdi chd trdng.
Cay xanh lam giam tdc do gid va tao nen vting yen tTnh trudc va sau nd. 0 nhieu nai tren the gidi, cay xanh dugc str dung nhu phuang tien kidm soit gid cd