CAc M6 HINH TOAN CAu H6A
Ngay Xuan cha phep ta mo m9ng va tliong tliQ'ng. Tuy khong tai nao d\f doan duQ'c tuong lai, ta van khao khat muon biet roi se ra sao. "Ra sao" o day la n6i chuy�n ... vi mo, chuy�n "toan cau" thoi nhe !
The gioi dang day ray xung d9t, nhung tien trinh toan cau h6a duc1ng nhli van cu tiep dien. Hai hi�n tliQ'ng mau thuan ay se tri�t tieu nhau, se tiep tl.;1c song hanh hay se hoa giai voi nhau mQt each nao do?
Vi�c danh gia tinh hinh tuy thu9c vao S\t l\fa ch9n ly thuyet nao ve toan cau hoa. N gay ban than khai ni�m "toan cau hoa" cung rac r6i. Nguc1i baa rang n6 da bat dau vao the ky XV, nguc1i baa tu the ky XIX, ho�c chi moi tu vai th�p nien gan day thoi. Xu huong chung se dan den Stj thong nhat ho�C S\f da dq.ng ho�C ca hai van con gay tranh cai. Kho khan, tntoc het, c6 le nam ngay trong ban than khai ni¢m "toan cau h6a".
182 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
van con gia tri: y tu'ong ve mot Heh SU pho quat cua nhan lo.;ti, vu'qt khoi khuon kho va ljch SU cua nha nuoc dan toe de quan tam nhieu hdn den Itch SU cac nen van minh. Thu hai la y tuong ve S\i thong nhat tinh than cua nhan lo.;ti lam Cd so cho tr�t tl.j the gioi moi. Neu Karl Jaspers nhan m�nh den "buoc nhay cua y thuc" ndi cac d�i triet gia, thi Toynbee ciing doi hoi mot S\i "tang tien tam linh chu'a tung c6 truoc d6" khien cho nhan lo�i c6 y thuc ve S\i thong nhat cua chinh minh. Buoc nhay cua cac "d�i" triet gia thi qua cao xa, d�c tuyen, con y thuc nhan lo�i cua Toynbee - the hi�n qua "ton giao pho quat" - thi l�i qua nhan t�o, kh6 thanh hi�n thl,fc!
Nhin chung, mo hinh nha nuoc toan cau kh6 c6 the giai quyet hai nghtch ly ma Kant cung da thay khi de xu'ong "nen hoa binh vinh cuu" qua hinh thuc lien hi�p cac nha nuoc ( th�t ra dl,f kien chi cho chau Au hdn la cho toan the gioi).
Nghjch ly thu nhat: neu
khong c6 nha nuoc toan cau, cac nha nuoc dan toc tiep tl;lC tlj tung t\i tac nhu truoc nay.
Arnold Toynbee C6 nha nuoc toan cau, chu quyen cua cac nha nuoc dan toc ht xam ph�m. N gay ca cac sieu cuong ciing khong ua thich gi nha nuoc toan cau, mot hinh thuc tr6i
188 • BUIYAN NAUON
"TIEN IA TIEN IA PH!T ... ?"
Xin thua: con hdn the nua! Tien la Ong Tr6'i, la "ThuQ'ng De cua th6'i d�i chung ta" (G. Simmel); th6'i d�i ay "da thay the slj toan nang cua ThuQ'ng De bang slj toan nang cua dong tien" (N. Luhmann). Simmel con minh h9a de hieu: ngay trlioc, toa nha cao nhat o cac do thi la giao du6'ng, nay la ... cac ngan hang! "Chung khau dong tu', neu ta nho rang Georg Simmel thuc)c the h� dau tien cua nhung nha xa h9i h9c Due, con Niklas Luhmann song dong tho'i voi chung ta. Nhieu nha than h9c von khong chju "tho' hai chua" (Thuqng Deva ... Than Tai/ Mammon) cung phai cay dang thua nh�n m9t "chu nghfa phiem than tho' dong tien" va dong tien tro thanh "thljc t�i toi cao, quy dinh tat ca", mQt danhxung chi duqc danh cho ThuQ'ng De truoc day! M9t slj "soan ngoi" VO tien khoang h�u? Mc)t each n6i th�m xung? Du hieu each nao, day la m¢t tht;ic te can nh�n di�n, can suy tlidng tu nhieu giac dQ: kinh te hQc, xa hQi h9c, nhan hQC Va triet hQC.
TRO CHUYfN TRlfT HOC • 191 m�nh Itch su" cua tien khong chi t�o ra nen kinh te thi tniong, ma con t�o ra "con nguoi kinh te" ( c6 th�t c6 khong?) voi tam the du'Q'c Max Weber g9i la "tinh than cua chu nghia tu' ban" ( du tien khong phai la san pham d�c thu cua chu nghia tu ban). N 6i each khac, tien khong chi thay doi "the gi6'i stj v�t" va "the gi6'i con nguoi" ma ca the gioi n9i tam cua con nguoi: lQ'i ich, ly tu'ong, cam hung, khat v9ng, thu'oc do luan
ly, d�o due. Tien thay doi h� gia tri bang each ban cho minh gia tri pho bien. Nhung, "gia tr( l<;1i la khai ni�m bi hiem nhat trong kinh te h9c, c6 le do n6 la khai ni�m mang tinh "triet h9c" nhieu nhat! Georg Simmel, trong Tritt h9c ve' do'ng tie'n
( 1900), la ngudi dau tien tiep c�n van de bang con mat triet
h9c sau sac. Ong triet gia Kant Max Weber van con cu'dng quyet phan bi�t
giua gia ca va gia tri: "M9i v�t deu c6 m¢t gia ca. Nhung, gia tri la VO gia, boi n6 la pham gia!". Nhung, tu khi tro thanh v�t ngang gia, tien la gia ca tu'dng doi cua m9t m6n hang, dong thdi ban than tien la m9t gia tri boi c6 the du'Q'c SU dQng m9i hie m9i ndi. Tien cao bang tat ca, bc1i n6 khong dem xia den cai d�c thu. Lu'Q'ng thang chat. "Tien <lien d�t m9i stj khac bi�t ve chat cua stj v�t bang cau hoi: "bao nhieu"? Tien, v6'i stj dung dung VO mau sac, tro thanh mau so chung cua m9i gia tri. N 6 lam rang cai cot loi cua stj v�t, tu'o'c bo tinh ca bi�t, gia tri rieng va
194 • BUI VAN HAMSON
tri va vai tro cua dong tien trong xa h9i de "cam clidng" du'a con khung khiep (" enfant terrible") cua chinh minh. N gay cang thay can thiet ket hQ'p gifia kinh te h9c hu6'ng den hanh d¢ng thljc tien va triet h9c hu6'ng den suy tliong de nh� thuc the gioi nhu m9t toan b¢. Tim hieu dong tien khong chi de dieu tiet tht trlio'ng ma con de ph1.;1c V\1
S\i phat trien xa h9i. La sin pham cua nen van minh, dong tho'i la Cong Cl.;1 cho S\i phat trien xa hQi, tien la yeu to then chat xac dinh nhung gi6'i hq.n cua t\i do va binh dang trong nen kinh te tien t�.
Tien khong mang lq.i hq.nh phuc, hieu theo nghia tuy�t doi? Tien c6 the "cuu kh6 cu'u nq.n", tu'c mang lq.i hq.nh phuc theo nghia tu'dng doi? Nhung ranh gi6'i d6 o dau? M9t cau hoi thu vt cho dieu tra xa h9i h9c va tam ly xa h9i1).
Protagoras
Con ngu6'i la sinh v�t huu hq.n, song lq.i khong c6 gi6'i hq.n. Bao gio' con nguo'i cung c6 cai gi d6 tru6'c mat de vliQ't qua va so dI n6 "c6 d6" la de duQ'c vliQ't qua. Con nguo'i vliQ't qua chinh minh la vliQ't thoat nhung ranh gioi, rang bu9c dang d�t ra cho minh. C6 nhung ong ba ti phu dang 1 Ket qua tham do tu Princeton dva tren 450.000 nguai cho thfry, 6 My, "nguai ta c6 sue kboe tinh thin t6t khi thu nh�p a muc 75.000 do la/nam, khong cao hon"! Xem: BBC (25.06.2015): TiJn
196 • BUI VAN NAM �ON
''CHAN THANG"VA "CHAN GA"
"Van h6a la chan thang. Kinh te la chan ga" Nguyen Ng9c
Trong bai "Van h6a... de' lam gi? (Vietnamnet,
10.7.2009), Nguyen Ng9c viet: "Nhung gi g9i la van h6a chung ta dang lam thu'ong rat 6n ao, va van h6a th�t thi l�i khong on ao. N6 tham tram. Cai thang co on ao bao gio dau, tru khi phai thang gap vi sap chet den noi ! Chung ta chu'a th�t S\I lam van h6a. C6 phai th�t the khong? Toi rat mong duQ'c thu trao doi, de cung suy nghi
tiep, Va de cho CUQC di toi Cua chung ta horn nay, Va ca
ngay mai nua, nhanh ma vung, ma ben, va n6i cho cung, de CUQC di toi cua chung ta horn nay th�t S\I du'a den S\I trong lanh cho xa hc;,i va h�nh phuc cho con nguoi". (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
V 6'i nh�n dinh tren day, nha van Nguyen N g9c da c6
S\l tran tra Cua mc;,t nha van hoa, hay, dung hdn, cua mc;,t nha phe phan van h6a, tiep n6i mc;,t truyen thong c6 ljch