4. 2T 嘘k"逢w"j„c"vj»pi" s嘘 cơng ngh羽 c栄a quá trình trích ly ch医t màu betalain cĩ h厩
4.2. 2T 嘘k"逢w"j„c"e»pi"uw医 t sĩng siêu âm và th運i gian x穎 lý c栄a quá trình trích ly
Chúng tơi s穎 d映ng mơ hình tr詠c giao c医p 2 cĩ tâm xoay v噂i 5 thí nghi羽m 荏 tâm và ph亥n m隠o"Oqffg"702"8吋 t嘘k"逢w"j„c"jck"{院u t嘘 cơng su医t sĩng siêu âm (X1) và th運i gian x穎 lý (X2). Hàm m映e"vk‒w"n "j o"n逢嬰ng betalain (Y).
B違ng 4.4: B違ng ma tr壱n quy ho衣ch th詠c nghi羽m và k院t qu違 thu nh壱n betalain t瑛 d鵜ch trích STT X1 X2 E»pi"uw医v *Y1i"ej医v"mj»+ Vj運k"ikcp"(phút) Betalain *oi1322i"piw{‒p"nk羽w" v逢挨k+ 1 -1 -1 40 3 8.07 2 1 -1 60 3 7.99 3 -1 1 40 5 7.94 4 1 1 60 5 8.17 5 -1.414 0 35.86 4 8.05 6 1.414 0 64.14 4 8.27 7 0 -1.414 50 2.586 7.93 8 0 1.414 50 5.414 8.21 9 0 0 50 4 8.79 10 0 0 50 4 8.81 11 0 0 50 4 8.77 12 0 0 50 4 8.77 13 0 0 50 4 8.78
Vjgq"rj逢挨pi"rjƒr"vt詠c giao hai y院u t嘘."rj逢挨pi"vt·pj"j欝i qui c栄a hàm m映c tiêu Y theo các bi院n Z"8逢嬰c bi吋u di宇n theo d衣ng sau:
Y = b0+ b1X1+ b2X2 + b11 X12 + b22X22 + b12X1.X2
Gi違i bài tốn qui ho衣ch th詠c nghi羽m b茨ng ph亥n m隠m Modde 5.0, ta nh壱p"8逢嬰c k院t qu違 trong b違ng 4.2.
B違ng 4.5: 謂pj"j逢荏ng c栄a các bi院p"8瓜c l壱r"8院p"j o"n逢嬰ng betalain
BTC Coeff. SC Std. Err. P Conf. int(±)
Constant 8.78446 0.028975 1.12E-15 0.068515 X1 0.056417 0.022908 0.043291 0.05417 X2 0.054866 0.022908 0.047815 0.05417 X1*X1 -0.33088 0.02457 2.92E-06 0.058099 X2* X2 -0.37599 0.02457 1.23E-06 0.058099 X1* X2 0.080939 0.032395 0.041081 0.076603 N = 13 Q2 = 0.877 Cond. no. = 2.8971 DF = 7 R2 = 0.982 Y-miss = 0 R2 Adj. = 0.969 RSD = 0.0648 Conf. lev. = 0.95
T瑛 b違ng 4.5, ta th医y cơng su医t sĩng siêu âm, nhi羽v"8瓜 siêu âm và s詠v逢挨pi"vƒe"
gi英a hai y院u t嘘 p {"8隠u 違pj"j逢荏pi"8院n hàm m映c tiêu. Các bi院n s嘘 X1, X2 8隠u 違nh
j逢荏pi"f逢挨pi"v pj"8院n giá tr鵜[."vtqpi"mjk"8„"eƒe"dk院n X12, X22 l衣i 違pj"j逢荏ng âm tính.
謂pj"j逢荏ng c栄a m厩i bi院n s嘘 trong hàm h欝k"sw{"8隠u 荏 m泳c #"pij c";7'0
H羽 s嘘 bi院n thiên th詠c R2, bi院n thiên 違o Q2 c栄a mơ hình h欝i qui l亥p"n逢嬰t là 0.982; và 0.877 n茨m trong kho違ng tin c壱y và khi R2, Q2 càng g亥n 1 thì hàm h欝i qui càng mơ t違
t嘘t các k院t qu違 thí nghi羽m.
Rj逢挨pi"vt·pj"j欝k"sw{"vjw"8逢嬰e"pj逢"ucw<
Y = 8.78+ 0.06X1+ 0.055X2 Ỵ 0.33X12Ỵ -0.38X22 + 0.08X1.X2
Vtqpi"8„<"[."Z1, X2 l亥p"n逢嬰v"n "j o"n逢嬰ng betalain, cơng su医t sĩng siêu âm và th運i gian siêu âm.
Rj逢挨pi"vt·pj"j欝k"sw{"8逢嬰c bi吋u di宇n trên tr映c t丑c"8瓜 khơng gian ba chi隠w"pj逢"ucw<
Hình 4.21<"A欝 th鵜8ƒr"泳ng b隠 m員v"j o"n逢嬰pi"dgvcnckp"vjgq"rj逢挨pi"vt·pj"j欝i quy.
Ak隠u ki羽n t嘘k"逢w< Cơng su医t sĩng siêu âm: 50.96 W/g ch医t khơ Th運i gian x穎 lý: 4.09 phút
J o"n逢嬰ng betalain d詠 8qƒp"vjgq"rj逢挨pi"vt·pj"j欝i quy: 8.7894 (mg/100g nguyên li羽w"v逢挨k+
A吋 ki吋m ch泳ng tính chính xác c栄a giá tr鵜 nh壱p"8逢嬰c t瑛rj逢挨pi"vt·pj"j欝i qui,
ej¿pi"v»k"8«"vj詠c hi羽n 3 thí nghi羽m l員p l衣k"8瓜c l壱p d詠a trên cơng su医t sĩng siêu âm và th運i gian x穎 lý sĩng siêu âm t嘘k"逢w"pj逢"8«"p‒w"荏vt‒p0"Ej¿pi"v»k"vjw"8逢嬰e"j o"n逢嬰ng bealain trung bình là 8.77 (mg/100g nguyên li羽w"v逢挨k+."ecq"j挨p"4905'"uq"x噂i m磯w"8嘘i ch泳ng. Và cĩ s詠 khác bi羽t gi英a giá tr鵜 th詠c nghi羽m và giá tr鵜 d詠8qƒp"n "203;'"*pj臼 j挨p"7'+."pj逢"x壱y giá tr鵜 thí nghi羽m r医t g亥n v噂i giá tr鵜 vk‒p"8qƒp"v瑛 rj逢挨pi"vt·pj"j欝i quy.
4.3 Kh違o sát 違pj"j逢荏ng c栄c"rJ"8院p"8瓜 b隠n c栄a ch医t màu betalain
Sau quá trình trích ly, d鵜ch trích s胤8逢嬰e"8go"8k"vkpj"u衣ej"u挨"d瓜 b茨pi"rj逢挨pi"
pháp s逸c ký l丑c gel Sephadex G-25. Quá trình tinh s衣ej"8«"no衣k"8逢嬰c 72.7% protein và
7:04'"8逢運ng kh穎. Hi羽u su医t thu h欝i betalain sau quá trình tinh s衣ch là 35.5%.
B違ng 4.6: M瓜t s嘘 thành ph亥n trong d鵜ej"o w"vt逢噂c và sau khi tinh s衣ch.
Vj pj"rj亥p Vt逢噂e"mjk"vkpj"u衣ej Sau mjk"vkpj"u衣ej
J o"n逢嬰pi"dgvcnckp"*oi1N+ 45.06± 0.05 16.1± 0.01
J o"n逢嬰pi"rtqvgkp"*oi1oN+ 2.30± 0.04 0.63± 0.02
J o"n逢嬰pi"8逢運pi"mj穎"*i1N+ 7.60± 0.14 3.18± 0.06 Dung d鵜ch betalain sau quá trình tinh s衣ej"u挨"d瓜 s胤8逢嬰c s穎 d映ng cho thí nghi羽m kh違q"uƒv"8瓜 b隠n 荏 các giá tr鵜 pH khác nhau: 3; 4; 5; 6; 7 荏 nhi羽v"8瓜 60oC. Hàm m映c tiêu c栄a thí nghi羽o"n <"j o"n逢嬰pi"dgvcnckp."j o"n逢嬰ng phenolic t鰻ng, và ho衣t tính ch嘘ng oxy hĩa.
4.3.1 J o"n逢嬰ng betalain
Hình 4.22: S詠 thay 8鰻k"j o"n逢嬰ng betalain trong quá trình b違o qu違n gia t嘘c 60oC 荏 nh英ng giá tr鵜 pH khác nhau
Hình 4.22 cho th医y 荏 nhi羽v"8瓜 60oE."j o"n逢嬰ng betalain trong d鵜ch trích gi違m d亥n theo th運i gian 荏 t医t c違 các pH kh違q"uƒv."vtqpi"8„"ik違m nhi隠u nh医t là 荏 pH 3: sau 2h ch雨 cịn 54% và sau 4h ch雨 cịn 21% so v噂k"dcp"8亥w0"Ak隠u này cĩ th吋 là do 荏 pH th医p,
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 J o "n逢 嬰p i" dg vcn ck p *' "uq "x 噂k "j o "n逢 嬰p i" dcp "8 亥w + Vj運k"ikcp"*j+ pH3 pH4 pH5 pH6 pH7
ch医t màu b鵜8欝ng phân hĩa và dehydrogen (Tsai và c瓜ng s詠, 2010; Azeredo và c瓜ng s詠, 2009).
Jcxnõmqxc"x "e瓜ng s詠*3;:5+"8«"ej泳ng minh r茨ng 荏 nhi羽v"8瓜 cao, giá tr鵜 pH thích h嬰p c栄a betacyanin khơng b鵜 bi院p"8鰻i là pH 6. Bên c衣pj"8„."荏 pH 5 g亥n v噂i giá tr鵜
pH v臼 thanh long 4.40-4.68 (Liaotrakoon và c瓜ng s詠, 2012), nên betalain ít cĩ b鵜 bi院n
8鰻i. k院t qu違 th詠c nghi羽m c栄a chúng tơi cho th医{"j o"n逢嬰ng betalain b鵜 gi違m ít nh医t 荏
các giá tr鵜 pH 5 và 6.
S詠 bi院p"8鰻i c栄a ch医t màu 荏 pH 7 là do s詠 th栄y phân các liên k院t aldimine t衣o thành các c医u trúc cyclo-Dopa-5-O- -glucoside khơng màu (Herbach và c瓜ng s詠,
4228+0"Ak隠u này phù h嬰p v噂i k院t qu違荏j·pj"6044<"j o"n逢嬰ng betalain 荏 ph 7 sau 4 gi運
b違o qu違n ch雨 cịn 47% so v噂k"dcp"8亥u.
4.3.2 J o"n逢嬰ng phenolic t鰻ng
Hình 4.23: S詠vjc{"8鰻k"j o"n逢嬰ng phenolic t鰻ng trong quá trình b違o qu違n gia t嘘c 60oC 荏 nh英ng giá tr鵜 pH khác nhau
Khác v噂i m泳e"8瓜 gi違m hàm l逢嬰ng betalain, m泳e"8瓜 gi違o"j o"n逢嬰ng phenolic t鰻ng là khơng nhi隠u. Sau 4h, 荏eƒe"rJ"5="6="7="8="9"j o"n逢嬰ng phenolic t鰻ng cịn l衣i l亥n
n逢嬰t là: 84.92± 0.01; 79.53± 0.22; 81.28± 0.03; 81.31± 0.05; 70.27± 0.10 (%) so v噂i
dcp"8亥u, các h嬰p ch医t phenolic trong d鵜ch màu b隠p"j挨p"dgvcnckp"荏 nhi羽v"8瓜 60oC.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 J o "n逢 嬰p i" rj gp qn ke "v鰻 pi *' "uq "x 噂k "d cp "8 亥w + Vj運k"ikcp"*j+ pH3 pH4 pH5 pH6 pH7
Pj逢"x壱y, 荏 giá tr鵜 pH càng th医p, t益 l羽 t鰻n th医t các h嬰p ch医t phenolic s胤 càng ít.
Ak隠u này phù h嬰p v噂i báo cáo c栄a Friedman và Jurgens (2000) cho r茨ng m瓜t s嘘 các h嬰p ch医t phenolic b隠n 荏 8k隠u ki羽n pH th医p.
4.3.3 Ho衣t tính ch嘘ng oxy hĩa
Hình 4.24: S詠vjc{"8鰻i ho衣t tính ch嘘ng oxy hĩa trong quá trình b違o qu違n gia t嘘c 60oC 荏 nh英ng giá tr鵜 pH khác nhau
Ho衣t tính ch嘘ng oxy hĩa 荏 các giá tr鵜 pH khác nhau bi院p"8鰻i theo quy lu壱t t逢挨pi"v詠pj逢"sw{"nw壱t bi院p"8鰻k"j o"n逢嬰ng phenolic t鰻ng. Tuy nhiên, m泳e"8瓜 gi違m c栄a ho衣t tính ch嘘ng oxy hĩa l衣k" v"j挨p"uq"x噂i m泳e"8瓜 gi違m các h嬰p ch医v"rjgpqnke0"Ak隠w"8„"
ch泳ng t臼 cùng v噂i các h嬰p ch医v"rjgpqnke."dgvcnckp"e pi"i„r"rj亥n t衣o nên ho衣t tính ch嘘ng oxy hĩa cho d鵜ch màu.
Các k院t qu違 trên cho th医y giá tr鵜 pH 違pj"j逢荏ng l噂p"8院p"dgvcnckp."j o"n逢嬰ng phenolic t鰻ng, ho衣t tính ch嘘ng oxy hĩa c栄a d鵜ch màu. Betalain b隠n 荏 pH 5 và 6, tuy nhiên 荏rJ"5."j o"n逢嬰ng phenolic t鰻ng và ho衣t tính ch嘘ng oxy hĩa c栄a d鵜ch màu là t嘘t nh医t. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 J q衣v" vp j" ej 嘘p i" qz {" j„ c" vj gq "F RR J *' "uq "x 噂k "d cp "8 亥w + Vj運k"ikcp"*j+ pH3 pH4 pH5 pH6 pH7
Ej逢挨pi"7< K蔭T LU一N VÀ KI蔭N NGH卯
5.1 K院t lu壱n
Nghiên c泳u này s穎 d映pi"u„pi"uk‒w"¤o"8吋 c違i thi羽n quá trình trích ly thu nh壱n betalain t瑛 v臼vjcpj"nqpi0"Ak隠u ki羽n t嘘k"逢w"e栄c"rj逢挨pi"rjƒr"z穎n#"pj逢"ucw<"v益 l羽 dung mơi:nguyên li羽u: 30/1 (w/w), cơng su医t siêu âm: 50W/g ch医t khơ, pH dung mơi: 5, nhi羽v"8瓜 x穎 lý sĩng siêu âm: 50oC, và th運k"ikcp"uk‒w"¤o<"6"rj¿v0"Mjk"8„."j o"n逢嬰ng
dgvcnckp"v<pi"33045'""uq"x噂i m磯u khơng x穎n#"u„pi"uk‒w"¤o."x "v<pi"4905'"uq"x噂i m磯u
8嘘i ch泳ng khơng cĩ x穎 lý siêu âm và enzyme.
Th詠c hi羽n mơ hình Plackett-Burman cho k院t qu違: các y院u t嘘違pj"j逢荏ng nh医v"8院n
j o"n逢嬰ng betalain trong quá trình trích ly là cơng su医t sĩng siêu âm và th運i gian x穎 lý sĩng siêu âm. T嘘k"逢w"j„c"eƒe"8k隠u ki羽n này b茨ng mơ hình quy ho衣ch th詠c nghi羽m cho
8k隠u ki羽n x穎 lý t嘘k"逢w"pj逢"ucw<"e»pi"uw医t sĩng siêu âm: 51 W/g ch医t khơ; th運i gian x穎
lý: 4.09 phút, t衣k" 8k隠u ki羽p" p {" vjw" 8逢嬰e" j o" n逢嬰ng bealain trung bình là 8.77 (mg/100g nguyên li羽w"v逢挨k+0" K院t qu違8ƒpj"ikƒ"8瓜"d隠p"e栄c"f鵜ej"o w"荏"eƒe"ikƒ"vt鵜"rJ"mjƒe"pjcw"*rJ"5="6="7= 6; 9+"v衣k"pjk羽v"8瓜"82oE."ejq"vj医{<"荏"rJ"7."8"dgvcnckp"鰻p"8鵜pj0"Vtqpi"mjk"8„."j o"n逢嬰pi" rjgpqnke"v鰻pi"x "jq衣v"v pj"qz{"j„c" v"d鵜"v鰻p"vj医v"n "荏"rJ"50 5.2 Mk院p"pij鵜 Pijk‒p"e泳w"u詠"vƒe"8瓜pi"e栄c"u„pi"uk‒w"¤o"n‒p"jq衣v"v pj"e栄c"ej院"rj育o"gp¦{og" vj逢挨pi"o衣k"8吋"z穎"n#"piw{‒p"nk羽w"x臼"vjcpj"nqpi"8欝pi"vj運k"d茨pi"u„pi"uk‒w"¤o"x "ej院" rj育o"gp¦{og0
Mj違q"uƒv"vj pj"rj亥p"eƒe"ej医v"o w"x "eƒe"ej医v"e„"jq衣v"v pj"ej嘘pi"qz{"j„c"vtqpi" f鵜ej"vt ej"v瑛"x臼"vjcpj"nqpi0
Pijk‒p"e泳w"vkpj"u衣ej"ej医v"o w"vjw"8逢嬰e0 Vj穎"pijk羽o"泳pi"f映pi"ej医v"o w"ejq"
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‚ Ti院n hành phân tích m磯u
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‚ Tính tốn
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m: kh嘘k"n逢嬰ng nguyên li羽u (g)
i<"j羽 s嘘 t逸t phân t穎 (65000 L/mol cm trong H2O)