. Phudng ti~n giao thong, IOC;li,ti l~
. M~t de>giao thong tren duong
. T6c de>trung b1nh, t6ida cua xe
. Khoang cach , thoi gian, ...
Phan tich : .
. Cac anh huang de'n MGT nhu m~t de>clan cu, khu vljc,...
Danh gia :
. Theo cac tieu chu~n da:d~ ra v~ MGT
. Thii'nghi~m tlnh trC;lnggiao thong khi co cong trlnh moi hay
b6 sung.Du' doan : Du' doan :
. T6c de>phat tri~n cua MGT
. 1\1~t dQ xe trong tu'dnglai - 51 -
. Tll~ tang kyt xe(d/{/w /WUj~~1 (d/{/~ uq~ llW~? ~ {Kj
Tll~ tang tung lo<;liphuong ti<$n,..
.
Dng dung lien he :
. L~p co sd dii'li<$ucho duang 6ng (nudc, gaz,..) di theo mc;lng
. L~p CSDL cho mQt s6 cong trlnh phlfC Vlfxa hQi (truang hQc,
b<$nh vi<$n,chq bua,...)
Qmln ly cac bai giii'xe,..
.
c) Mot sO'tm du :
Th6 hi<$ngiao thong cua mot mc;lngxe bus trong thanhph6,chc;lY theo mQt lQ
trinh nhit dinh, t6c dQ trung bInh, chc;lYxe dc;lOthanh ph6, ... Duvet toan bo MGT :
. MQt xe "demo" chc;lYkhap MGT.
Lo trinh xe bus:
. Danh gia s1jdap ling cua mQt s61Q trlnh xe bus dinh md
. Thie't 1~pmQt s61Q trlnh c6 dinh
. Xac dinh thai gian chc;lY/ dqi cua tung xe
. Th6ng ke s6 Vlfxe chc;lYtr6 trong ky
2.7.- Tieu chufin danh gia mang : (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
MGT duqc thie't ke'.theo yell c~u th1jc te', ho~c phil hqp vdi mQt th6ng ke chung hay theo mQt mo hinh nao d6 c6 san duqc cai tie'n. Cho nenkh6? daub gia duqc MGT mQt cach chinh xac. 0 day chu ye'u dling cling mQt thong s6 mo phong
MGT d6 v~n hanh cac mc;lngva daub gia theo mQt s6 tham s6 mong mu6n. Cac lieu chu~n c6 th6 chQn d1ja tren cae chQn I1ja san :
Danh gia cac m<;lngkhac nhau d1ja tren cling cac nut giao .thong.
Chi~u dai duang nhu nhau, thay d6i cip duang.
M~ t dQ duang phan b6 tren di<$ntich rllc;lng. V,V,..
Tren la mQt s6 gqi y xac dinh cac lieu chu~n dang gia mc;lngtrong ph~n li'ngdlfng.
Tieu chu~n daub gici mc;lngduqc d~ c~p cho d~y du mlfc lieu cua d~ tai.
Gicitri duqc daub gia tren cac tl s6 1y thuye't, c~n phai d1ja tren ac th6ng ke
thvcte'tuong ling vdi mo hinh d6 d6i chie'u. Cac tham s6 daub gia c6 th6 chQn
Cd/{/fAj/zluYny cd/{/Uvny' gUM). °Wny cttatny Wi
2.8,- Ly thuve't :
Trinh bay mQt so Iy thuye't minh h9a chu ye'u, co dinh ngrna I~i cho phil h<Jpvoi
nQi dung d€ tai, nhu'ng v§:n giii' dung ycua Iy thuye't. 2.8.1 B6 thi va Mang giao thong: [3]
Xua'tphat tll hlnh ve cac du'ang noi cac di~m va st;fdi chuy~n ireD cac du'angchokhai ni~m d6 thi va m~ng giao thong. MGT trong man £)6 thi chI co y nghla chokhai ni~m d6 thi va m~ng giao thong. MGT trong man £)6 thi chI co y nghla cua mQt bai loan v~n teE, khong rQng nhu' MGT du'ang bQ. Vi~c xay dt;fngly
thuye'td6 thi cd ban tren mo hlnh toanb~ng ly thuye't t~p h<Jp,anh x~ va ma
tr~n.Va Iy thuye't se du'<Jctrlnh bay gioi h~n trong nQidung d€ tai.
Vi d\l, co mQthlnh ve noi ba di~m xl, x2, x3; mlii ten chI hu'ang di tll xlde'nxl, xl de'n x2, xl de'n x3; x2 de'n x3 va x3 khong de'n dati ca. Hlnh nay cho de'nxl, xl de'n x2, xl de'n x3; x2 de'n x3 va x3 khong de'n dati ca. Hlnh nay cho khaini~m mQtd6 thi. Ky hi~u tu'dngling cac di~m
diva de'n : ~{xl,x2,x3 } ~{xl,x2,x3 } ~{x2} ~{ } x2 xl x2 x3 x3
Cho mQt tu'dngling tll t~p h<Jp{xl,x2,x3} VaGt~p 2{Xl,X2,X3}. Xay dt;fng
anhx~ d6 thi tll Yni~m nay.
a) Knh xa : - Ai ? . - A/~ 2Q/V
Cd/Y :t~p h<Jpdiem, g: anh x~ tll cd/y VaG
g : cYV- ~2e2Ai ~ x I . gx g(x) c ~ gx ={ YE GV1/~lYE g(x) } Kf hien: gx-1 ={ YE GV1/~I X E g(y) } N (N-1 ) ( ( » g =g gx
Ne'u cYV/'hii'll h~n, co th~ bi~u di~n anh x~ g theo ma tr~n [gij ], voi gij If!1 ne'u co tu'dng ling tll di~m Xi voi di~m Xj; ngu'<Jcl~i la O. £)6 thi du'<Jcdinh
nghlatll' anh x~ nay,
- 53 -
b)
(}/f/[,(i /lIlrJJ1,<;! Cd/f/l&ny uquUJ lIw7'J" ~ (J{j
1 1 1
[gij] = I 0 0 1 (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
000
. .
D6 thi : G=«2/V, g) : d6 thi xac dinh tren t~p GIY~va anh x~ g
Ne'u <2/Vhuh h~n thi G la d6 thj hOOh~n.
G =«2/V, g), G' =«2/V' , g' ) d~ng ca'u n€ut6n t~i mQt song anh
baa toan quail h~ k6 giua cac diSm tu'ong ling, i.e
::) f: <2/V4 .<2/V
x. ~'
Y' "'"'
Ne'u y E g (x ) thi y' E g'(x'); va ngu(jc l~i.
- Cho rgz; ={ (x,y) I x,y E ~ va y E g( X ) }, thl rgz;lamQt quail
h~ hai ngoi tren ~ .Co thS ky hi~u d6 thi G=( ~, g ) nhu' G=( ~, rgz;)d~
d~xac dinh cac quail h~ giua cac diSm trong t~p <2/V.
. ( x, y ) E rgz;du'<;1cgC)ila cung va x,y la cac dlnh ; x la dlnh
goc,y dlnh ng(Jn. .
. ( x, x ) E rgz;du'<;1cgC)ila khuyen.
. Dinh cua mq t cling duy nha't g<;>ila dlnh (reo va cling n6i voi
dinh na y la cung treo.
. Day {xl,x2, .., xN} la day chuyin n€u giu'a hai dinh k€ ti€p
nhau trong day co cling. N€u dinh dffu day trung voi dinh cu6i , day chuy6n tren
gQila day chuyin dong. N€u day chuy6n co dinh sail la ngC)ncua dinh tru'oc thl gQila duilng di va n€u du'ong di nay dong thl gC)ila chu trinh.
. G la mQt da d6 thin€u giua hai dinh co thS nhi6u bon mQt
cung; ngu'<;1cl~i la ddn d6 thi, giua hai diSm co t6i da mQt cling.
. G'=«2/V', g' ) la d6 thi con cua G=(~, g) ne'u e2Af'c g#~
va g' la anh x~ g thu hyp tren ~/.
. G lien thong n€u voi ba't ky haidinh phan bi~t d6u co day
chuy6n di qua. Hai dinh co day chuy6n di qua gC)ila hai dlnh lien thong vdinhau. G lien thong mlJ!zh n€u day chuy6n tren la du'ong di. Cac thanh ph5n nhau. G lien thong mlJ!zh n€u day chuy6n tren la du'ong di. Cac thanh ph5n lienthong la cac d6 thi can lien thong va khong co cac dinh lien thong giua cac
Cd/f/UJ /lIUWt{~1 Cd/I/[a~" uqM'UJ- ll~ da:dnJ" {Xj
cac dinh lien thong voi x, rqzx ={ (x,y) I x,y E GVi'~ va (x,y) E rqz; } thl Gx 1a
mQt thanh phftn lien thong. Ne'u x, y lien thong thl Gx =Gy . (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. Cho d6 thi G =(e2/1/I", rqz;); x,y E GIV
+ G dol xullg ne'u (x,y) E t9J5 => (y,x) E t9J5
+ G phan dolxung ne'u (x,y) E t9J5=> (y,x) !l Pl5
+ G dlly du ne'u (x,y) !l t9J5=> (y,x) E Pl5
. G 1a diJ thi co hllung n€u G khong d6i xung.
. Khai ni~m d6 thi vila trlnh bay 1a t6ng quat, nhu1a mQt hinh
ve trong khong gian , diJ thi phting dU<;5chlnh dung nhud6 thi trong khong gian hai chi~u, mQt m?t ph£ng. V?y G c6 cac dinh phan bi~t va cac cling khong c~t nhau ( VIc~t nhau thl dU<;5ctach thanh cac cling khong c~t nhau ).
C6 cac sO'co ban trong 1y thuye't d6 thi nhu chu so: sac so: so' tin
dinh trong, so' tin dinh ngoili, ... nhung khong quail trQng d6i voi d~ tai nen
khong trlnh bay.
Khi c~n xac dinh mQt s6 thuQc tinh, tinh chftt cua d6 thi, thuong dung bi~u di§n duoi d~ng ma tr?n d~ tinh loan.
c) Ma tran k~ :
rho ma tr?n A =[aij ], voi aij 1a sO'cling tu dinh Xi de'n dinh xj- A gQi 1a ma
trijn k~ cua d6 thi G. Cac tinh chftt cua d6 thi dU<;5cxac dinh theo ma tr?n k~ :
\j aij::; 1 : odD 06 thj
::3aij .~ 1 : da 06 thj.
A =[ aij ] ma tr?n k~ cua don d6 thi G,
. G dol xung ne'u aij - aji = 0
. Gphan dol xung ne'uaij + aji ::; 1
. G dliy du ne'u aij + aji ~ 1
. G lien thong ne'u mQihang, cQt cua ma tr?n c6 it nha't
mQt aij ~ 1
Nhu V?y c6 th~ ap dvng cae phep loan cQng, tru, nhan ma tr?n cho ma tr~nk~ d~ xac dinh mot sO'tinh cha't va sO'co ban cua d6 thi.
d) Mang giao thong (Binh nghia cua tV thuvet diJthi ):
Cd/f/U: /WW/}'lq'</ Cd/f/Uuny (/q,uw l7~ au:o:ny 00
M?ng giao thong duang bQ trong tht;lcte' co nhi~u khia c?nh rQng IOn bon so vai trong ly thuye't d6 thi. Co nhi~u va'n d~ con trong ly thuye't nay chi huang de'n IDQtling dl;lng Cl;lth~ nhu vi~c v~n chuy~n hang hoa,... rhea thong s6 v~ kh6i h1Qngbon la thai gian. Nhung MGT cling cho ytudng Cl;lth~ bon d~ hlnh dung phffn nao IDOhlnh MGT duang bQ.