toi cam thay sung suong lam roi. Toi khong c6 ly do ^ ma khong cong hien het minh cho khoa hoc...
Co that Galilei hoan toan sung suong, thoa man? That ra doi song rieng cua ong cung nhieu n6i dau kho 1dm. Tieng tam ciia ong cang Ion thi vo cua ong lai cang lanh nhat v6i ong. Vg cua ong cam thay ong ngoai chuyen tro ve khoa hoc ra, rat it khi tam tinh voi minh nen rat chan chudng. Co la nguoi phu nu binh thuong,
mudn CO nguoi chong binh thucmg. Nam 1605, vg chong
Galilei cudi cimg phai chia tay nhau.
Moi ngiroi thtrong noi niem vui va n6i buon luon
dan quyen voi nhau. Galilei yeu vq, nhung ong cung rat
yeu su nghiep cua minh. Du sung suong hay dau kho, Galilei khong the quen la phai kien dinh hien doi minh cho khoa hoc.
Khdm ph6 bi mat cua vu tru
Nam 1609, nha thien vSn hoc Johannes Kepler (1571-
1630), nguoi Due, viet cuon "Thien van hoc mai" tuyen
truyen hoc thuyet cua Copernicus. Galilei cung tim c6 duoc mot cuon, va doc no rat hung thii. Kepler c6 viet
trong cuon sach do: "... T6i cdng nghien cuu cdng dong
tinh v&i thuyet cua Copernicus!". Galilei thua nhan rSng
6ng cung thay nhu vay. Nhung, de moi nguoi toan tam toan y tiep nhan hoc thuyet do con can c6 cang nhieu hon nua nhimg chiing minh. Ong hy vpng c6 mpt ngay minh lam dupe dieu do.
Vao mpt ngay thang 6 nam 1609, Galilei nhan dupe
thu cua mpt nguoi ban Ha Lan. Trong thu c6 viet: "... a
day CO mot nguoi Idm ra mot chiec kinh dac biet. Horn
qua toi di choi ben ba song da gap anh ta. d ba song doi dien c6 mot c6 gdi rat dep. Toi nhin qua chiec kinh cua anh ta thay mat co ta ro nhu can ke v&i minh vay. B&i loai kinh do chua co toi chiec thu hai nen toi khong c6 each gi thay anh mua mot chiec".
Galilei lat thu, dpc di dpc lai, tu nhu:
"Minh cung se lam mpt chiec kinh khong chi nhin ro
114
duoc mat CO gai, ma con nhin ro dung nhan cua mat
trang va cac vi sao".
Khong lau sau, mpt cau hpc tro cua Galilei cung giii
thu toi, noi ve chiec kinh dirpc sang che a Ha Lan, khang
dinh rang ong kinh do co tac dung phong to vat the len gap nhieu lan.
"Ong kinh!" - Galilei xem di xem lai roi vao ngay phong thi nghiem cua minh nghl each thiet ke, tuyen chpn cac thau kinh, sap xep cac thau kinh loi va thau kinh 16m, luc tim cac tai lieu ve thau kinh de tham khao. Miet mai suot ngay dem, cuoi cung, Galilei dung thau kinh loi va thau kinh lom dat each nhau mpt quang thich hop, tao nen ong kinh co the bang mat thuong nhin ro vat 6 rat xa. Galilei mung qua, lien chang he nghi ngoi, bat tay che tao thuc su mpt chiec kinh vi6n vpng dung quan trdc thien van, hoan thanh phdt minh nay cua minh. Kinh vign vpng cua Galilei co kha nang phong to vat the gap 32 lan, ket thuc thoi ky cac nha thien van chi dua vao mat minh quan sat tinh tu, mo ra mpt thoi ky moi cua su phat trien thien van hpc can dai.
Miia thu nam 1609, Galilei diing kinh vi&n vpng cua
minh quan sat mat trang. Ong kinh ngac thay be mat mat trang hien ra rat ro rang, khien ong nhimg muon tho tay mo vao mat trang mpt chut xem sao!
Truoc do Galilei vSn cho rang mat trang la vat the nhan bong, phat sang. Dau nga quan sat qua kinh vien
vong thi no lai go ghe, voi nhung song, nui, bien, ho, khong he bang phdng chut nao. khong he bang phdng chut nao.
Lien tiep may dem quan sat mat trSng bang kinh vign vong, Galilei so sanh voi cac hien tuong a trai dat, cang vong, Galilei so sanh voi cac hien tuong a trai dat, cang tin rang tren mat trang c6 niii non, lai phat hien thay cac diem sang, diem ma tren do nua. Khi mat trang len cang cao, cac diem sang, diem ma do cung thay doi do sang, do toi... chung to mat trang duac mat trai chieu sang voi do sang thay doi, chu khong phai la "mot vat the tu phat sang", "mot qua cau lua" nhu hau het cac nha thien van da noi!
V6 sau, Galilei tiep tuc quan trdc cac thien the khac, kham pha them cac hi mat ciia vu tru. Vao dem ngay 7 kham pha them cac hi mat ciia vu tru. Vao dem ngay 7 thang Gieng nam 1610, Galilei kham pha bon ve tinh cua sao Moc va khang dinh Ngan Ha la mot tap hgp cac sao. Ong cung phat hien ra cac pha cua sao Kim va vet den tren mat trai. Theo doi sir thay doi vi tri cua vet den mat troi, Galilei ket luan rang mat trai quay xung quanh true cua no. Chinh Galilei cling da phat hien ra sao Tho voi cac vanh dai noi tieng.
"Copernicus da dung! Mat trai la trung tam cua he mat trai. Trai dat va cac hanh tinh khac deu quay quanh mat trai. Trai dat va cac hanh tinh khac deu quay quanh mat trai!" Galilei cuoi ciing da tim ra nhung chung cu, sau bao nhieu nam tim kiem cho ket luan ay.
Voi nhiing phat hien lam phan chan long nguoi, hinh thanh quan diem mol ve vu tru..., Galilei cam but, viet thanh quan diem mol ve vu tru..., Galilei cam but, viet
116
nen tac pham moi nhat ve thien van hoc, cong bo vol
toan the gioi. Thang 3 nam 1610, cuon sach "Thong bdo
ve cac thien the" cua Galilei ra doi, lap tuc gay chan dong
chau Au.
Tuy nhien, hanh dong cua Galilei su dung kinh vi6n vong kham pha bi mat cua vu tru cung lam nhieu nguoi vong kham pha bi mat cua vu tru cung lam nhieu nguoi noi gian. Galilei rat biet dieu do, boi nhimg thanh qua nghien ciiu cua ong da lam lung lay quyen uy cao nhat cua Giao hoi. Song ong van kien tri cong viec cua minh. Ong hieu rang, cha doi ong c6 the la nhung don chi mang!
Trai dat diing la van quay!
Chau Au thai Trung the ky la thai ky mau chot chuyen doi tir xa hoi phong kien sang xa hoi tu ban chu chuyen doi tir xa hoi phong kien sang xa hoi tu ban chu nghia. Mot thai ky rat dai, tinh toi luc do, bon than quyen thong tri a chau Au tuyen bo khong biet nguang mom: "Vu tru la noi chiia day nhung "thien su" a cac ding cap khac nhau va nhung qua cau thuy tinh. Trai dat la dung im, bat dong va la trung tam cua nhung qua cau thuy tinh do". Ho suy ton thuyet "dia tam" (Trai dat la trung tam vu tru) boi cac nha than hpc cho rang mat troi quay quanh trai dat, chieu sang cho trai dat. Thuong de da dinh ra the khi sang tao ra mat troi, de thi an cho loai nguoi. Do la chan ly vinh vi6n khong thay doi, khong the pha do!"
Vao thoi gian do, Giao hgi Thien chua van con quyen luc khong che rat Ian doi voi chinh quyen cac nuoc a luc khong che rat Ian doi voi chinh quyen cac nuoc a
chau Au. Hp CO toa an ton giao de c6 the tiay y bat ha, xet
xu, tra khao, tham chi xu tii nhung ai khong "ngoan dao" hoac de xuat nhung y kien, quan diem khac voi giao ly. hoac de xuat nhung y kien, quan diem khac voi giao ly. Nam 1327, mot nha thien van Italia da hi thieu song tren gian lua chi vi noi trai dat hinh cau, 6 tren ban cau ben kia cung c6 con nguoi cu tni. Nam 1600, Bruno cung hi thieu chet boi toi danh la hoc thuyet cua ong lam lung lay thuyet "dia tarn".
Nam 1611, Toa an ton giao da ghi ten Galilei vao so den. Giao hoi trudc tien cho nhung hoc gia theo than giao den. Giao hoi trudc tien cho nhung hoc gia theo than giao uy hiep, cong kich, thoa ma Galilei la "nghich dao, bang bo than linh". Tiep den, Giao hoi tuyen bo: "Nghiem cam bat cii ai ban luan ve hoc thuyet cua Copernicus; khong ai
dirpc doc sach cua Copernicus!". Khi cuon sach "Thong
boo ve cdc thien the" cua Galilei duoc xuat ban, Galilei da
tra thanh ngirai ung ho kien quyet cho hoc thuyet cua Copernicus. Ong khong chi phat bieu luan van phe phan, Copernicus. Ong khong chi phat bieu luan van phe phan, bac bo Aristotle, ma con thong qua thu tir, khong he che giau su ung ho hoc thuyet cua Copernicus, tham chi gui ca sach cua minh toi Giao hoi La Ma. Galilei qua la nha khoa
hoc CO luong tam, va luong tam cua ong chinh la kien tri di
tim chan ly.
Mot ngay lanh leo khac thuong cua miia dong nam 1615, Galilei mgt minh phai toi La Ma, theo trat goi cua 1615, Galilei mgt minh phai toi La Ma, theo trat goi cua Toa an Giao hoi. Nam nam truoc do, Galilei da tung toi tham La Ma, du^c nhiet tinh tiep dai, theo nghi 1§ trong vQng nhat. Do hang loat nhung phat hi?n moi trong thien
118
van hoc va phat minh kinh vi§n vong, ong duoc Giao hoang La Ma Paul V quy trong, gioi quy toe va cac nha hoang La Ma Paul V quy trong, gioi quy toe va cac nha Idioa hoc La Ma lay viec duoc ket than vol ong lam vinh dir. Nhung chi each c6 nam nam, bo mat cua La Ma da hoan toan doi khac doi voi Galilei: khong c6 hoa tuoi va nhung net mat tuoi cuoi, toi dau cung la lanh tanh hoac tim each tranh xa ong nhu mot thu on dich...!
6 Toa an ton giao. Hong y gido chu doi mat v6i
Galilei dang dung a vi tri cua ke hi cao, noi giong uy hiep: