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2.2. Tho Viet Nam giai doan 1930-
Trong tie'n trinh van ddng cua tiio Viet Nam, giai doan 30 - 45 la mdt budc ngoat dac biet quan trong. Trong vdng 15 nam, tiii dan dan toe trd nen sdi ddng, quyet liet hon bao gid hit bdi cudc diu tranh giiia hai phai tiio cu va tho
mdi dl rdi kit tinic blng su toan tiling eiia Phong trdo Tha mdi 1932-1945.
Ngudi ta tinh mde tiidi gian bit diu tii 1932 bdi vi bai tiio dugc coi la
"tiio mdi" diu tien la bai "Tmh gia" cua Phan Khdi xuit hien tren Phu nic tdn vdn sd 122 ra ngay 10/3/1932. Dd la tren phuong dien sang tie, cdn y hudng
ddi mdi trong tu tudng Phan Khdi duge manh nha ttr 1928 khi dng ban vl luat
tho Dudng tren Ddng Phdp thdi bdo: "Song tir ngay dem that ngdn luat vao
khoa eii rdi thi thi tho trd nen bd budc qui ma mat ca sanh thii... Nhung ma ngay nay ngudi ta ciing tuin theo, khdng biet cdi minh ra khdi trdi". Sdm hon niia la tii nam 1917, tren Nam Phong tap chi sd 5, den bao thu nhu dng ehu biit Pham Quynh eiing phai len tie'ng phan nan vl sir gd bd, gia tao va ngheo nan tho Dudng luit: "Ngudi ta tiiudng ndi tiiO la tie'ng keu tu nhien cua con tim. Ngudi Tau dinh luat nghiem cho ngudi lam tho thuc la mudn chiia lai, sira lai tilng keu ay cho nd hay hon, diing van, diing dieu hon, nhung cung nhan dd ma lam mat di cai giong thien nhien di vay". Cdn Nguyln Van VTnh, chu biit "Ddng Duong tap ehi", ngudi chuyen dich tiiO ngu ngdn eiia La Fontaine ciing
da tun ra mdt ldi dich mdi bai Con ve vd con kien (1928). Ngudi dich da td ra
ma ban dich Con ve vd con kie'n cung dugc xep vao mim mdng ciia tiio mdi
bdi su sudn se, linh hoat cua ciu chii, vin dieu: "Ve siu keu ve ve
Sudt miia he
Din ky gid bic thdi Ngudn con tiiit bdi rdi Mdt milng ciing chlng cdn Rudi bo khdng mdt con Vac mieng chiu khiim mim Sang chi kiln hang xdm Xin chi ciing cho vay Dam ba hat qua ngay"...
Nam 1929, cung tren Phu nic tdn vdn sd 26, Trinh Dinh Ru da viet: "Cai nghe
tho Dudng luat khd din nhu thi, khd cho den ndi ke mudn lam tho, mdi khi ed nhilu tu tudng mdi la mudn phat ra ldi song vi khd tim chii ddi, khd chon vin gieo, nen y tudng diu hay cung danh bd bdt. Cai pham vi cua tho Dudng luit la hep hdi, cai qui cu cua tho Dudng luat la tan min. Ta nlu cdn ua chuong ma theo ldi tiio nay mai thi nghi tho van cua ta chic khdng bao gid mong phat dat dugc nhu vay".
Trd lai vdi "Tmh gia" ciia Phan Khdi: nguyen bai tho nhu sau: Hai muoi bdn nam xua, mdt dem vira gid lai vtra mua,
Dudi ngon den md, trong gian nha nhd, hai cii diu xanh, kl nhau than thd: "6i ddi ta, tinh thudng nhau tiii vin nang, ma liy nhau hin la khdng
dang; "Dl den ndi tinh trudc phu sau, ehi blng sdm lieu ma budng nhau" "Hay! Ndi mdi bac lam sao chd. Budng nhau lam sao cho nd! "Thuong duge chimg nao hay chimg niy, chlng qua dng Trdi bit
ddi ta phai vay. "Ta la nhan ngai, dau cd phai vg ehdng ma tinh viec thuy chung?"
Hai muoi bdn nam sau, tinh cd dit khach gap nhau:
Ddi cai diu bac, nlu chlng quen lung, dd cd nhin ra duge!
On chuyen cii ma thdi. Liic dua nhau di rdi, con mit cdn cd dudi". Ciing vdi bai tho la bai gidi thieu mang ten: "Mdt ldi tho mdi trinh chanh giiia lang tho". Phan Khdi ttr chd bde bach ndi biic xiic: "Trudc kia, tdi dau khdng cd ten tudi trong lang tho nhu dng Nguyln Khic Hiln, dng Trin Tuin Khai, song it ra trong mdt nam, tdi ciing cd dugc nam bay bai, hoae blng chii Han, hoae bang Ndm. Ma nam bay bai cua tdi, khdng phai la ndi phach, diu la nam bay bai nghe dugc... Lau nay mdi khi cd hiing, tdi toan gid ra ngam vinh, thi cai hdn tho cua tdi nd liing tung. Tho chii Han u? Thi dng Ly, dng Dd, dng Bach, dng Td choan trong diu tdi rdi. Tho Ndm u? Thi cu Tien Diln, ba Huyen Thanh Quan de ngang nguc lam cho tdi khdng thd ra. Cai y nao minh mudn ndi lai ndi ra dugc niia thi doc di doc lai nghe nhu ho da ndi rdi. Cai y nao minh chua ndi, minh mudn ndi ra, thi lai bi nhihig niem, nhiing van, nhiing luat bd budc ma ndi khdng dugc. Te ra minh cii loanh quanh lin quin trong Idng ban tay cua ho hoai, tiiat da dl tiie"... din quyet tam "duy tan di! cai luong di!". Bai "Tmh gia" tiieo dng "vi nd chua thanh tiiUc nen chua cd the dat ten keu la ldi gi duge, song ed thi cii cii dai y cua ldi tho mdi nay la: dem y tiiat ed trong tam kham minh ta ra bang nhirng cau cd vin ma khdng bd budc bdi niem luat gi hit" ciing vdi Idi tiianh minh: "chlng phai la tdi hieu su, nhung vi tdi hit chd d trong vdng lanh dia cua tiio cii, tdi phai di kiem da't mdi".
Bai "Tmh gia" vtra ra mit da ed tieng vang manh me, duge menh danh la "mdt tilng chuong canh tinh lang tiiO giiia Iiie dang trien mien trong cdi chet". Luu Trong Lu, vdi tit ei sir hang hai nhiet tmh cua tudi tre da coi viec lam cua Phan Khdi cd y nghTa md ra mot ldi thoat va nhiet liet dap Idi bai tho eiia Phan
Khdi bang hai bai tiio Dudng ddi va Vdng khach tha. Nha tiio ho Luu sang tac va tranh cai, dang dan diln tiiuyet diu rat hang say. Ong vilt nhilu tren Phu nic tdn vdn, Phong Hod, Tieu thuyet thic bdy... Chii yeu vin la "che tha cu" va
"benh vuc tho mdi": "Tho ca ngay nay dang liic ngip ngoai... Rac nghien ciiu
cau trin ngdn sao ngii, diic di luyen lai tir xua din nay, khdng tiiem bdt, khdng Slit me... That thi, ldng chin ddi ciia cic cu ciing tim tiiudng it di nhu viy thi cin gi cd mdt cai khudn khd rdng rai hon, mim mai hon"... Theo Luu Trong Lu, cudc xung ddt mdi - cii la khdng thi dung hoa: "Nhiing su thuong dau, budn chin, vui mimg, yeu ghet cua chiing ta khdng cdn gidng nhiing su thuong dau, budn chin, vui mtmg, yeu ghet ciia dng cha ta niia, dd la mot sir diuc!... Cic cu ta chi thich anh tring vang ddi len mat nude! Ta lai thich cai inh mat trdi budi sang lip lanh vui ve diu tren ngon tre xanh. Cae cu ta ua nhiing mau dd choet, ta lai thich mau xanh nhat. Cae cu bang khudng vi tieng triing dem khuya, ta nao nao vi tilng ga diing ngo. Nhin mdt cd gai xinh xin, ngay tho, cae cu coi nhu da lam mdt viec tdi ldi, cdn ta cam thay mat me nhu dung trudc canh ddng liia xanh...".
Nam 1935, nhan phe binh tap tiio Nhihig bdng hoa cudi mua, Le Ta (tire
Thi Lii) da len tieng bai xich tiiO cii: "Cie dng khen tho eu thanh tiidt, am thim nhu tieng dan nim cung. Khdng ai cai lai hai dng, nhung tile ring khi nghT de'n dan, cic dng lai nghT den tinh tinh cua ngudi khac, xiic ddng blng tam hdn cua ngudi khac vi trong ldng cae dng khdng ed mot xiic cam rieng nao... Cai tai cua cic dng la cii tai xao niu lai nhiing mdn in cu. Cic dng lay ldi van, y tudng, tmh cam cua ngudi khac lam ciia minh. Trong tiio cie dng diy riy nhung canh tuylt, mai, tiidng, ciic, ehi quanh quan d nhiing diln tich ma da miy nghm lin ngudi ta nhlc den, nghe quen tai qua"^*^ Nhiing y kiln khic cua Nguyln Thi Kiem (Phu nii Tin van sd 211-10-1933), Nguyln Tudng Bich (Phong Hoa sd 97-5-1934), Hoai Thanh (Tieu tiiuylt Thii bay sd 31-12- 1934, Le Trang Kilu (Ha Ndi bao sd 22-6-1936), Hin Quy - tiic Huy Can (bao Trang An sd 108-3-1936) v.v... diu vao cudc va cimg chung mot muc dich la lat dd lau dai tiio eu. Din nam 1941, khi "Thi nhan Viet Nam" ra ddi, Hoai Thanh da ed thi viet: "Tan kich mdi eii trong tiio ca da kit lilu. Tho mdi da gianh dugc quyIn sdng, da ehilm hiu hit cae bao ehi, sach vd, da len vao
d6n hoc dudng, va da len vao hoc dudng, nhit la d nude ta, tiic la tiianh till da
to lim"... va vdi tu each la ngudi dong hanh, cd cimg quan dilm, khat vong sang tao, Hoai Thanh da hin hoan khlng dinh: "Trong lich sii tiio ca Viet Nam chua bao gid cd mdt thdi dai phong phii nhu tiidi dai nay. Chua bao gid ngudi ta tiiiy xuit hien cimg mdt lin mdt hon tiio rdng md nhu Thi Lii, mo mang nhu Luu Trong Lu, himg trang nhu Huy Thdng, trong sing nhu Nguyln Nhugc Phap, ao nao nhu Huy Cin, que miia nhu Nguyln Binh, ky di nhu Chi Lan Vien... va, thilt tiia, rao rue, ban khoan nhu Xuan Dieu...".
Trd vl vdi co sd xa hdi, nhu ta da biet tii sau dai ehiln till gidi lin tiiii nhit, su hinh thanh va phat triin ciia cic giai cap tilu tu sin va tu sin d thanh tiii da tao ra mdt Idp cdng chiing mdi. Ldp cdng chiing nay cd nhiing yeu ciu rieng vl tu tudng, tinh cam va tiii hieu tiilm my. Ho ddi hdi cd tieng ndi rieng trong tiio ca, ciing nhu ddi hdi nhirng hinh tinic dien dat va phuong thiic bilu hien phu hgp, gin giii vdi ho. Tho cii tren thuc te, ciing nhu vl nguyen tic va cung cich sang tic da khdng cdn phu hgp vdi tiidi dai niia. Ngudi dai dien dugc ham md nhit la Tan Da ciing khdng thi dap ling nhu ciu mdi me cua mdt ldp ngudi mdi dang len, han niia, tir cudi nhiing nam 20 Tan Da khdng cdn bai tho nao dang kl. Tho eii da khdng till ehdng do lai xu the ben xoay sang giong dieu "thoa hiep": "Chlng cd tiio mdi, tho eu, chi ed tho dd vdi tho hay". Thuc ra thi ban than tho eii (tiie Dudng luat) vdi nhiing quy tic sang tic cua nd, da ttmg la mot hinh thiic bilu hien phu hgp vdi ndi dung tu tudng va thi hiiu tham my cua mot thdi ky lich sir. Va lich sir van hoc dan toe da luu danh nhilu thi gia ed diln. Ngay cic nha tho mdi ciing khdng tha thii cho cai dd cua tho ho va bilu duong cho cai hay trong tiio eii qua mdt sd bai tho
Dudng cua Han Mac Tir va nhit la Mua cd dien cua Quach Tin. Nhung trong
giai doan nay, hinh thiie tiiO Dudng luat da la mot trd ngai cho su phat trien ciia tu tudng va xiic cam mdi. Phi vd mot Idi tho da ngu tri hang ngan nam tren tiii dan khdng thi la chuyen dl dang. Tin cdng vao nhiing qui tic gd bd, khd Cling ciia hinh thiie tho Dudng luat la tin cdng vao nhiing gia tri tinh than, nhiing chuin muc tham my cua tu tudng phong kiln. Nhung da den luc, chiing
ta khdng till "vui cai vui ngay trudc, budn cai buon ngay trudc, yeu ghet gian hdn nhit nhit ciing nhu ngay trudc". Tmh cam tam hdn con ngudi tiiay ddi tit ylu keo theo su thay ddi ciia van tiio. Neu d dia hat ciia van xudi, chiing ta timg biet den ten tudi va tic phim ciia Nhit Linh, Khai Hung ed vii cho khat vong tinh yeu va hanh phiic ci nhin... tiii d tiio la su k l tiep tii Thi Lii, Luu Trong Lu, Vu Dinh Lien din Huy Can, Xuan Dieu, Nguyln Binh, Chi Lan Vien, Han Mac Tir, Vu Hoang Chuong... Tho mdi tiling till vi nd phii hgp vdi su phit trien tit yeu cua trao luu tu tudng mdi cung nhu thi hiiu van tiio. Ngay tir diu nhung nam tii 1932-1935 sing tie ciia Thi Lii, Luu Trong Lu da chiem dugc cam tmh ciia ddng dao ddc gia, den tiidi ky 1936-1939, Tho mdi budc vao giai doan cue thinh vdi nhiing ten mdi sang gia: Xuan Dieu, Huy Can va giai doan cudi 1939-1945 dugc tilp ndi blng ten tudi ciia Han Mac Tir, Chi Lan Vien... Cae tai nang lin lugt xuit hien vdi nhilu phong cich sang tao rieng da mang din cho thi dan mot ludng sinh khi hit siic tre trung, mdi me va sdi ndi. Qua chang dudng 15 nam, con sd hon 40 tic gia ma nha phe binh
Hoai Thanh da lua chon dl dua vao myln tap Thi nhdn Viet Nam da ndi len
ring: day la mdt giai doan tho ca rue ro nhit, ed nhilu thanh tuu nhit trong lich sii tho ca Viet Nam.
Thdi gian trdi qua, moi gia tri eii da dugc dinh vi lai. Tuy ed nhiing budc thang trim nhung ngay nay Tho mdi da dugc thira nhan nhu mot ngudn Idn nam trong "Van mach dan tdc". Ddng gdp cua Tho mdi vao tien trinh van ddng va phit triin cua tho ca Viet Nam la vd cimg quan trong bdi nd md ra chan trdi sang tao va thiic diy nhanh ehdng tien Uinh hien dai hoa. Xem xet, dinh gia gia tri Tho mdi ein ehii trong den ca ndi dung lin hinh thiic, tir "y tudng" den "van till". Ttr gdc do till loai, chiing tdi se dl cap va nhin nhan nhiing ddng gdp Tho mdi tren nhilu phuang dien: ca ndi dung cam hiing lin hinh tiiire bilu dat, ca dl tai lin till tha, ngdn ngii...
2.2.L So vdi tho eii, Tho mdi la tiiO cua cai toi. Day la dilm khac biet ro ret nhat giiia hai trao luu. Nlu nhu trong tho ed, quan niem thi di ngon chi, vdn di tdi dao cua Nho gia da Ian it ban nga thi gia thi phong trao Tho mdi ra
ddi la ddng nghia vdi su khlng dinh "cai tdi" ca nhan (cai tam trang cua nhiing Individu, nhimg ca till ca nhan diu till ky 20 nhu Xuin Dieu vin thudng ndi). Tnidc dd, y tiiiic he phong kiln da ehi phdi quan niem van chuong tao ra mdt nIn van hoc dugc menh danh la "phi nga" tiieo kilu A Ddng. Mdt dit nude hang ngan nam sdng lang le, cam chiu trong nhiing tdn ti trat tu ciia 11 giio phong kiln tiii viec khlng dinh va dl cao cii tdi bi coi la trai dao. Tir ddi nay sang ddi khac, trilu dai nay sang trilu dai khac "cung chi cd biy nhieu tap tue, biy nhieu y nghT, biy nhieu tin tudng" cho din nhiing cam xiic vui budn cua eon ngudi dudng nhu cimg bi nhao nan theo nhung "md hinh" bit di bit dich... Cho den mdt ngay kia, einh ciia giao luu vdi vin hoa phuong Tay rdng md sau bao nhieu nam bi kim ham, bi tudc sach y thiic vl su tdn tai ca nhin. Chu "tdi" vdi mau sic ci till hoi ro ret da bit diu hien dien tren tiii dan: "Ngay thii nhit, ai biet dich ngay nao, ehii "tdi" xuit hien tren tiii dan Viet Nam - Nd thuc sir bd ngo nhu lac long noi dit khach bdi nd mang theo mot quan niem chua timg thiy d xii nay: quan niem vl cai tdi"**^ Vugt qua the he tiln lang man vdi nhiing nha tho ten tudi nhu Ddng Hd, Trin Tuin Khai, Tan Da, cic nha tho lang man da budc diu lam mdi tho ca blng ban sic ci nhan theo dang dip phuang Tay. Cam hung sang tao gin liln vdi ca nhan tu y thiie, tu khlng dinh da dua den mdt budc ngoat quylt dinh: diy tho ca Viet Nam phat triin theo chilu hien dai hoa.
Cai tdi chu thi trong cam hung sang tao da "hien hinh tiianh ehii "tdi" sim vai ehu ngii" trong cau tho. Day la mot cau tnic phd bien trong Tho mdi: "Tdi chi la ngudi mo udc thdi", "Tdi la mot ngudi khach tmh si", "Tdi la mot khich chinh phu", "Tdi yeu la bdi tdi yeu", "Tdi khd khao lim ngu ngo qua", "Tdi mudn tit nlng di", "Tdi mudn budc gid lai", "Tdi sung sudng nhung vdi vang mot nira", "Tdi khdng chd nlng ha mdi hoai xuan" v.v... va v.v... Cung ed khi "tdi" biln tiianh "ta" nhung khdng phai la cai "ta" chung trong tho cu ma la cai tdi "trang U-ong hoa" va khlng dinh manh me hon: "Ta di tho thin
trong vudn mdng", "Ta la mdt khach chmh phu", "Ai bao gium ta cd cd ta