1. Dinh nghia va danh phap
a) Dinh ng/mi
+ Andehit la nhirng hop chat cacbonyl ma phan tii c6 nhom - C H = 0 Hen kfít vdi g6'c hidrocbon hoac nguyfin tir H . Nhom - C H = 0 la nhom chufc cua andehit no con dugc goi la nhom cacbandehit.
+ Xeton la nhirng hop chat cacbonyl ma phan tir c6 nhom > C = 0 lifin két vdi hai gdc hidroeacbon.
h) Danh phap
+ Andehit
- Tfinthaythe: Ten hidroeacbon + A l V i d u :
CH3CHO Q H , C H O
Etanal Benzandehit
- Ten thucrtig : Mot so andehit don gian diroc goi theo ten th6ng thircmg c6 ngu6n goc lich sir.
V i du :
HCHO CH3CHO
Fomandehit Axetandehit • ,/
Xeton ' 1:)
- T6n thay thd': G6m t6n hidroeacbon tuong ung + on , j , V i ' d u :
CH3COCH3 CH,COCH2CH3 '
Propan-2-on Butan-2-on
- Ten goc chiJc : Ten 2 g6'c hidroeacbon lien két vdi nhom C = 0 + xeton Vi du :
CH3COCH2CH3 CH3COQH,
Etyl metyl xeton Metyl phenyl xeton
Ẹ Tinh chat hoa hoc
^o) Phan ifn^ipn}>
+ Phan ung c6ng H , (phan ihig khir) V i d u : CH3CHO + H2 Nịt° CH3CH2OH CHj-p-CHj + H2 O Ni,t" CH3-(^H-CH3 OH
+ Phan ling cpng H , 0 . HCN
C N I I
C H j - f - C H , + H C N C H j - ^ - C H j Xianohidhn
O O H '
h) Phan ÍOifi oxi hod t; • •
+ Tac dung voi đ BIS va đ kali pemanganat
RCH=0 + Bf: + H:0 ^ R-COOH + 2HBr Xeton khong lam mat man 2 đ tren v\o kho bi oxi hoa + Tac dung vdi đ AgNO,/NH, (phan umg trang bac)
AgNO, + 3 N H , + H , 0 -> |Ag(NH,)2]OH + N H 4 N O ,
Phirc tan
RCH=0 + 2 | A g ( N H , ) : | O H - > RCOONH4 + 2Ag + 3NH, + H.O
3. t)ieu che
u] Ttfamol
- Phuong phap chung de didu che andehit va xeton la oxi hoa nhe ancol bac 1, bac
2 tuonig irng bflng CuỌ - Di6u che fomandehit
* Tir ancol etylic :
2C2H5OH + O2 2 H C H 0 + 2H2O
* Tir hidrocacbon : + Tir metan :
CH4 + O2 HCHO + H2O
- Di6u che axetandehit :
2CH2=CH2 + 0 2 - ^ ^ 5 W i£ ! v 2 C H 3 C H = 0 - Dieu che axeton :
Oxi hoa cumen roi chá hoa v6i axit sunfuric thu duoc axeton cung vdi phenol. (CH3)2-C6H5 '•"2-2.H2SO4 20"C^ C H 3 C O C H 3 + C e H j O H
IỊ A X I T C A C B O X Y L I C
1. t)inh nghla, phan loai, danh phap
a) Diiih H}>hTa
Axit cacboxylic la nhChig hop chat hiru co ma phan tir c6 nhom cacboxyl (-COOH) lien ket true tiep voi nguyen tirC hoac nguyen tir H .
h) Phiin loai
- Axit no don chiic :
CTTQ: C„H„„,COOH (n > 0)
Goi la CTTQ day dong diing cua axit fomic
Cty TNHrrMTVDVVH Khang Wft C H H C - C O O H 2. a) Axit khong no : C H 2= C H - C O O H
Axit thom : C^H^COOH
Axit no, da churc : HOOC-CH,-COOH
Danh phap
Theo lUPAC : axit + ten hidrocacbon tuong ung + oic CH,COOH CH,CH(CH,)COOH Axit etanoic Axit 2-metyl propanoic CH:=CH-COOH C.H.COOH
Axit acrylic Axit benzoic
Ten thong thuoiig cua cac axit c6 lien quan den nguon goc tim ra chung. HCOOH CH,COOH
Axit fomic Axit axetic
Tinh chat hoa hoc J !
Tinh axit va dnh hir(hif> iíia nhom the
it '
R-COOH + H2O H, 0 + + R-COO
[H30^][RC00-] [RCOOH] [RCOOH]
h)
K., cang Ion thi tính axit cang manh va nguoc lai
Axit cacboxylic la axit yeu, tiiy vay chiing cung c6 đy du tính chat ciia m6t axit.
Phcin Ífni; tan thdnh dan xndt axit
+ Phan iirng voi ancol (phan irng este hoa):
RCOOH + R'OH 4 ^ RCOOR' + H.O Axit cacboxylic Ancol Este
+ Phan lirng tach H^O lien phftn tir:
R C O O H + H O O C R
Phdn ífni> d i-oc hidrocaihon
+ Phan urng the a goc no : CH3CH2CH2COOH + CI2 + Phan u-ng the o g6'c thoin :
( R C 0 ) 2 0 H , 0 CH3CH2CHCICOOH + HCl CH3CH2CHCICOOH + HCl COOH axit benzoic + HNO, COOH H7O NO2 axit m-nitrobenzoic
+ Phan ihig c6ng vao g6c kh6ng no :
CH,CH=CHCOOH + Br, - CHjCHBrCHBrCOOH