- T6n thay the : Tdn hidrocacbon tuong irng + Vj tri nhom (OH) + ol
CH3-CH2-CH-CH 3+ H^ OH
CH3
Ddng phan vi tri nhom O H : C H , C H , C H , C H , O H va CHjCHCH^CHj
I O H O H
d) Danh phcip : - Ttn g6c chirc : Ancol + ten g6'c hidrocacbon + ic - Ttn g6c chirc : Ancol + ten g6'c hidrocacbon + ic
Thi du :
C H 5 O H C H , = C H C H , O H Q H , C H 2 0 H
Ancol etylic Ancol anlylic Ancol benzylic
- T6n thay the : Tdn hidrocacbon tuong irng + V j tri nhom ( - O H ) + ol
Thi du :
C H 3 - C H - C H 2 - C H 2 O H 2-metylbutanol-1
C H 3
Chu y : Truac day ta gpi rum la chat hHu ca, phan ti( c6 nhom OH lien kit trUc
tiep v&i nguyen ti( cachon nọ Chuant^ trinh hoa hoc mai gpi loai hop chat nay Id ancol. Ancol Id ten chifc hcki hoc, con rum Id ten do ud'ng c6 chvCa ancol etylic.
2. Tinh chat hoa hoc
a) Phan i(ng théH cua nhom -OH ancol
+ Phan ling chung cua ancol
- Ancol tac dung vdi kim loai ki^m tao ancolat va giai phong H2 R - O H + Na -> R O - N a + l / Z H , R - O H + Na -> R O - N a + l / Z H ,
Natri ancolat
- Ancol hau nhu khong phan ling duoc vdi NaOH, ma nguoc lai natri ancolat lai bj thuy phan hoan toan.
R O - N a + H - O H ^ R O - H + NaOH
- Phan ung rieng ciia glixerol
Glixerol hoa tan duoc Cu(OH)2 tao thanh phiic tan mau xanh da trod CH2-OH HO-CH2 C H 2 - Q H HO-CH2 ( J : H - 0 H + H O - C U - O H + H O - C H ( i : H - 0 - C u - 0 - ' C H + H2O CH2-OH H O - C H 2 CH2-OH " H O - C H Z
h) Phan iJtng the nhom -OH cua ancol
C H , O H + HBr CH,Br + H , 0
R - O H + H A - > R - A + H , 0
c) Phan ihig tdch H2O
+ Tach nuoc lien phan tir
D6ng(II) glixerat
C H 3 O - H + O H - C H 3
+ Tach nude n6i phan tijf
CH3-CH2OH (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
J} Phan I'fng oxi hod
H2S04d 140"C 140"C H;S04(Ị CH3OCH3 CH2=CH2 + H2O ' H,0
+ Ancol bac ! bj oxi hoa thanh andehit
R - C H 2 O H + C u O R C H = 0
andehit + Cu + Ancol bac 2 bi oxi hoa nhe thanh xeton
+ H2O
-R2 CuO R1-C-R2 + Cu + HoO
h
-1 xeton xeton
+ Ancol bac 3 bi oxi hoa manh se dut mach cacbon
+ Ancol chay tao COi va H^O, phan ling toa nhi^u nhiet CH.,OH + 3 0 , -)• 2CO, + 3H2O
3. Mot so ancol khong ben
Ancol CO nhom -OH lian k6t voi C bac 1 va c6 n6'i d6i thi chuy^n thanh andehit. CH:=CHOH ^ CH,CHO
Ancol CO nhom -OH lien ket vdi C bac 2 va c6 n6'i d6i thi chuyfín thanh xeton. CH,=C(OH)CH, ^ CH,COCH,
Ancol CO 2 nhom -OH ciing lidn k6't vdi 1 nguyen tir C bac 1 thi tu loai di 1 •phan tijr H2O chuyen thanh andehit.
R-CH(OH)2 R-CHO + H^.O
Ancol CO 2 nhom -OH cung lidn k6't voi 1 nguyen tif C bac 2 thi t u loai di 1 phan tir H2O chuyen thanh xeton.
R,-C(OH)2-R2 -> R.-CO-R: + H.O
Ancol CO 3 nhom -OH cijng lien ket vdi 1 nguydn tir C bac 1 thi tu loai di 1 phan
ttt HiO chuyen thanh axit.
R-C(OH), -> R-COOH + H2O
Phan ling trung gian ciia phan ling loai HnO ciia ancol vdi xt H2SO4:
• CH3CH2OH +H-O-SO3H CH3CH2-O-SO3H + H2O
CH2-CH2
k OSÔH CH2=CH2 + H2SO4
Co ch6 phan ung tach H2O tir m6t phan tij ancol (ca ch6 SN,) :
CH3-CH2-CH-CH3 + H^ OH OH
• C H 3 - C H 2- C H- C H 3
^OH,
Sađ chudiphan irng hda hpc HOu ca-Nguyen Xuan Trir&ng (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
C H , - C H 2 - ^ C H - C H j
CHj-CH-'^qH-CHj —
H H
CH3-CH=CH-CH3
san pham chinh
(1. „/
-*• CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 M.,\wV san ph^m phu
4. Dieu che
a) Phuan^ phap chung
+ Hidrat hod anken :
Dun anken v6\O va dung chat xiic tac thich hop thi thu duoc ancol.
C H 2 = C H 2 + H . O C H 3 C H 2 O H
+ Thuy phan dSn xuát halogen trong đ kiem :
C H 5 - C I + NaOH ^ CH3OH + NaCI
h) Dieu che etanol
Ngoai 2 phuong phap Xvtn etanol con duoc di^u ché bSng phuong phap Ifen men tinh b6l.
(C,H,„05)„ + nH^O ™ » QH12O6
Tiiibbot Glucozo
CftU,20<, 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
c) Dieu (he metanol
Ngo;ii phuong phap chung. metanol con duoc dieu chS' theo cac phuong phap sau : + Oxi hoa khong hoan loan metan :
2 C H 4 + O 2 2CH,30H
+ FIT cacbon 6xit va khi Hỵ
- 3 ^ ^ C H 3 O I I
I I I . P H E N O L