variation in solar radiation received by earth

... Schimmel Typesetting: LE-TeX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig Printing: Mercedes-Druck, Berlin Binding: Stein +Lehmann, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper 32/3141/as 5 4 3 2 1 0 2 Solar Radiation in ... book. The following main types ofradiation(andtheir energy) are distinguished in radiation transferring thr oughout the atmosphere: direct radiation (radiation coming to the point immediately ... within different spectral ranges. As is seen from above, it is possible to divide all radiation int o solar and self (heat) radiation. In this book, we are considering only solar radiation in...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... are taking into account that the enhancing of emitted energy within the elementary volume could occur also owing to the scattering of external radiation coming to the 28 Solar Radiation in the ... within the radiation field. In general case both the extinction and the enhancing of energy of radiation passing through this volume are taking place (Fig. 1.6). Let I be the radiance incoming ... condition accepted in Sect. 1.1 we are considering solar radiation incoming to the plane atmosphere top as an incident solar parallel flux F 0 from direction (ϑ 0 , ϕ 0 ). Then, deducing the intensity...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... main partofthesolardownwellingirradianceinaclearsky.Thepitchinfluenceon the accounting of direct radiation in the measured irradiance was obviously owing to the deviation of the angle of the solar ... We are neglecting the radiation scattering in the optically thin clear atmosphere between the cloud layers and in the underlying clear layer and assuming that the lower layer adjoins the ground surface ... will concentrate on it. By the beginning of the 1980th, instruments for radiation observations were united in a complex: an information-measuring system (Vasilyev O et al. 1987). The measuring part of the...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... irradiance: solar radiation decreases owing to the radiation extinction in the atmosphere. For the upwelling irradiancethis effect pointstothe predominanceofscattering processes over absorption processes in ... indicates the decreasing of both upwelling and downwelling irradiances with the increasing of the atmospheric pressure in all cases. This behavior is evident for the downwelling irradiance: solar ... experiment planning and data processing was the minimization of the random uncertainty of the results and correction of the systematic uncertainty during instrument calibration. Increasing the measurement...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... exists and it is mostly evinced in the shortwave spectral region. The main result of the study by Minnet (1999) is the following: solar zenith angle is critical in determining whether clouds heat ... Isakov VYu (1990) Radiation – hydrooptics experiments in lakes. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian) Kondratyev KYa, Binenko VI, Melnikova IN (1996) Cloudiness absorption of solar radiation in visual spectral ... spectrometer for inves- tigation of short-wav e radiation field in the atmosphere. In: Pr oblems o f Atmospheric Physics. 6:Leningrad University Press, Leningrad, pp 175–181 (in Russian) Minin IN (1988)...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... irradiance uncertainties obtained at the second stage of the processing of the sounding results in Sect. 3.3. The uncertainties of the retrieved parameters, while solving the inverse problem in the case ... algorithms are based on certain approximations. Thus, expanding the transmission function into a sum of exponents (as has been proposed in the study by Minin (1988)) or taking into account the photon ... because the solar irradiances have been corrected with the incident solar spectrum taking into account the instrumental function, while processing the sounding data. Thus, computing with (5.4)...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... = K 0 (µ)+A|(1 − A). In the case of using the solar irradiance observations, value A could be inferred by dividing the upwelling irradiance by t he downwelling one at the bottom of the cloud. In the case ... JP (1995) The information content of observations of outgoing UV, visual and near infrared solar radiation (instruments GOME). Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 6:29–39 (Bilingual) Rudich ... formulas for solving the inverse problem in the case of radiation observations within the cloud layer. They allow more correct data interpretation than has been done in the study by King (1987), because...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... transmitted solar radiation. J Atmos Sci 57:623–630 Minin IN (1988) The theory of the radiation transfer in the planets atmospheres. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian) Minin IN, Tarabukhina IM (1990) To studying ... calculation of solar irra- diances in vert ical inhomogeneous scattering layers. Intern Symp “Geokosmos”, June, St.Petersburg (in Russian) Melnikov a IN, Domnin PI (1997) Determination of optical ... necessary to have in mind that parameter r also includes the in uence of the radiation scattering by the above atmospheric layers and thin semitransparent above clouds. Then the following is proposed...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... (Bilingual) Melnikova IN, Mikhailov VV (2000) In uence of multiple scattering of radiation on aerosols and molecular absorption and scattering into clouds. In: IRS’2000, Current problems in Atmospheric ... up to 3000 km keeping their radiation activity in the optical range (Mazin and Khrgian 1989). In the remainder of this chapter, we would like to point out that careful accounting of the optical ... 257 Melnikova IN (1997) Determination of strati clouds optical parameters from measurement of reflected or transmitted solar radiation. In: IRS’96 Current problems in Atmospheric Radiation. Proceedings...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... convergence 147 incident angle 3 incident flux 7 incident solar angle 214 incident solar flux 208, 217 incident solar spectrum 171 incorrectness of the inverse problem 153 industrial pollution 240 in nite ... 180 integration 151 intensity of radiation 2 interactive regime 81 internal mixture 255 internal radiation field 65 internal standard 81 internal standard spectra 81 internal sublayers 212 interpolation ... 208 inhomogeneity 229 inhomogeneous cloud layer 232 inhomogeneous clouds 210 initial atmospheric parameters 47 initial processing 80 initial spectrum 108 instrumental function 8, 171, 193 integral...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:59

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:10

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:11

... examined a variety of issues related to both formal and informal education, including the incorpo- ration of solar and space physics content in science instruction at all levels, the training ... (2003, in press). In addition to the input from the five study panels, the committee also received information at a 2-day workshop convened in August 2001 to examine in detail issues relating to ... around Earth dominated by the geomagnetic field and populated with plasmas of both ionospheric and solar wind origin. These plasmas are organized in distinct structures or regions characterized by...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 11:21

... examined a variety of issues related to both formal and informal education, including the incorpo- ration of solar and space physics content in science instruction at all levels, the training ... the heliosphere by as much as 80 percent, producing changes in the inner solar system that could affect Earth s space environment and climate. 4 The wind that inflates the heliosphere, the solar wind, blows ... panels regarding research initiatives in the following subject areas: solar and heliospheric physics, solar wind-magnetosphere interactions, at- mosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions,...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 15:20

... weed, thus its main growth season in Australia is summer, coinciding with the abundance of rainfall. Soil moisture is also a contributing factor affecting the duration of flowering (Navie et al. ... preventing new infestations in parthenium weed-free pastures (Adkins et al. 2005; Navie 1998a). In order to avoid bare patches due to heavy grazing and livestock congregation at watering points, ... 150 days after spraying (Muniyappa et al. 1980) whereas applying up to 2.0 kg a.i./ha in late July or early August, which coincides with peak growth due to monsoon rains in India failed to provide...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:35

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 10:21

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:22

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 09:20

... MAIN FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Main Findings 4.1.1 Phonological features Use of rhymes One of the best techniques for bringing in the brand name is to make the slogan rhyme with it. By ... meaning.  Internal noises: They are thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.  Semantic noises: They are those that alternate meanings arisen certain symbols that inhibit meaning. ... reveal interesting features in language used in slogans in general and airline slogans in particular. Second, world-famous airlines have a wide scope of activities with customers coming from...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2012, 14:54