variation in solar radiation received by earth
Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 1 pot
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... Schimmel
Typesetting: LE-TeX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig
Printing: Mercedes-Druck, Berlin
Binding: Stein +Lehmann, Berlin
Printed on acid-free paper 32/3141/as 5 4 3 2 1 0
2 Solar Radiation in ... book.
The following main types ofradiation(andtheir energy) are distinguished in
radiation transferring thr oughout the atmosphere: direct radiation (radiation
coming to the point immediately ... within different spectral ranges.
As is seen from above, it is possible to divide all radiation int o solar and self
(heat) radiation. In this book, we are considering only solar radiation in...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 2 ppsx
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... are taking into
account that the enhancing of emitted energy within the elementary volume
could occur also owing to the scattering of external radiation coming to the
28 Solar Radiation in the ... within the radiation field.
In general case both the extinction and the enhancing of energy of radiation
passing through this volume are taking place (Fig. 1.6). Let I be the radiance
incoming ... condition accepted in Sect. 1.1 we are considering solar
radiation incoming to the plane atmosphere top as an incident solar parallel
flux F
0
from direction (ϑ
0
, ϕ
0
). Then, deducing the intensity...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 3 doc
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... main
partofthesolardownwellingirradianceinaclearsky.Thepitchinfluenceon
the accounting of direct radiation in the measured irradiance was obviously
owing to the deviation of the angle of the solar ... We are neglecting the radiation scattering
in the optically thin clear atmosphere between the cloud layers and in the
underlying clear layer and assuming that the lower layer adjoins the ground
surface ... will
concentrate on it.
By the beginning of the 1980th, instruments for radiation observations were
united in a complex: an information-measuring system (Vasilyev O et al. 1987).
The measuring part of the...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 4 potx
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... irradiance:
solar radiation decreases owing to the radiation extinction in the atmosphere.
For the upwelling irradiancethis effect pointstothe predominanceofscattering
processes over absorption processes in ... indicates the decreasing of both
upwelling and downwelling irradiances with the increasing of the atmospheric
pressure in all cases. This behavior is evident for the downwelling irradiance:
solar ... experiment planning and data processing was the minimization of the
random uncertainty of the results and correction of the systematic uncertainty
during instrument calibration.
Increasing the measurement...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 5 pptx
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... exists and it is mostly evinced in
the shortwave spectral region.
The main result of the study by Minnet (1999) is the following: solar zenith
angle is critical in determining whether clouds heat ... Isakov VYu (1990) Radiation – hydrooptics experiments
in lakes. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian)
Kondratyev KYa, Binenko VI, Melnikova IN (1996) Cloudiness absorption of solar radiation
in visual spectral ... spectrometer for inves-
tigation of short-wav e radiation field in the atmosphere. In: Pr oblems o f Atmospheric
Physics. 6:Leningrad University Press, Leningrad, pp 175–181 (in Russian)
Minin IN (1988)...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 6 pdf
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... irradiance uncertainties obtained at the second stage of the processing of
the sounding results in Sect. 3.3. The uncertainties of the retrieved parameters,
while solving the inverse problem in the case ... algorithms are based on certain approximations. Thus, expanding the
transmission function into a sum of exponents (as has been proposed in the
study by Minin (1988)) or taking into account the photon ... because
the solar irradiances have been corrected with the incident solar spectrum
taking into account the instrumental function, while processing the sounding
data.
Thus, computing with (5.4)...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 7 pptx
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... =
K
0
(µ)+A|(1 − A). In the case of using the solar irradiance observations, value A
could be inferred by dividing the upwelling irradiance by t he downwelling one
at the bottom of the cloud. In the case ... JP (1995) The information content of observations
of outgoing UV, visual and near infrared solar radiation (instruments GOME). Earth
Observations and Remote Sensing 6:29–39 (Bilingual)
Rudich ... formulas for solving
the inverse problem in the case of radiation observations within the cloud
layer. They allow more correct data interpretation than has been done in the
study by King (1987), because...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 8 pps
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... transmitted solar radiation. J Atmos
Sci 57:623–630
Minin IN (1988) The theory of the radiation transfer in the planets atmospheres. Nauka,
Moscow (in Russian)
Minin IN, Tarabukhina IM (1990) To studying ... calculation of solar irra-
diances in vert ical inhomogeneous scattering layers. Intern Symp “Geokosmos”, June,
St.Petersburg (in Russian)
Melnikov a IN, Domnin PI (1997) Determination of optical ... necessary to have in mind that parameter r also includes
the in uence of the radiation scattering by the above atmospheric layers and
thin semitransparent above clouds. Then the following is proposed...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 9 pot
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... (Bilingual)
Melnikova IN, Mikhailov VV (2000) In uence of multiple scattering of radiation on aerosols
and molecular absorption and scattering into clouds. In: IRS’2000, Current problems in
Atmospheric ... up to 3000 km keeping their radiation activity
in the optical range (Mazin and Khrgian 1989).
In the remainder of this chapter, we would like to point out that careful
accounting of the optical ... 257
Melnikova IN (1997) Determination of strati clouds optical parameters from measurement
of reflected or transmitted solar radiation. In: IRS’96 Current problems in Atmospheric
Radiation. Proceedings...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 10 docx
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... convergence 147
incident angle 3
incident flux 7
incident solar angle 214
incident solar flux 208, 217
incident solar spectrum 171
incorrectness of the inverse problem 153
industrial pollution 240
in nite ... 180
integration 151
intensity of radiation 2
interactive regime 81
internal mixture 255
internal radiation field 65
internal standard 81
internal standard spectra 81
internal sublayers 212
interpolation ... 208
inhomogeneity 229
inhomogeneous cloud layer 232
inhomogeneous clouds 210
initial atmospheric parameters 47
initial processing 80
initial spectrum 108
instrumental function 8, 171, 193
integral...
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The Sun to the Earth -- and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics potx
Ngày tải lên :
05/03/2014, 11:21
... examined a variety of
issues related to both formal and informal education, including the incorpo-
ration of solar and space physics content in science instruction at all levels,
the training ...
(2003, in
press).
In addition to the input from the five study panels, the committee also
received information at a 2-day workshop convened in August 2001 to
examine in detail issues relating to ... around Earth dominated by
the geomagnetic field and populated with plasmas of both ionospheric and solar wind origin. These
plasmas are organized in distinct structures or regions characterized by...
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The Sun to the Earth —and Beyond A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics pot
Ngày tải lên :
15/03/2014, 15:20
... examined a variety of
issues related to both formal and informal education, including the incorpo-
ration of solar and space physics content in science instruction at all levels,
the training ... the
heliosphere by as much as 80 percent, producing changes in the inner solar
system that could affect Earth s space environment and climate.
4
The wind that inflates the heliosphere, the solar wind, blows ... panels regarding research initiatives in the following subject areas:
solar and heliospheric physics, solar wind-magnetosphere interactions, at-
mosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions,...
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variation of the germinable soil seed banks in a pasture infested by parthenium hysterophorus l.at kilcoy, south-eastern queensland
Ngày tải lên :
19/06/2014, 11:35
... weed, thus its main growth season in Australia is
summer, coinciding with the abundance of rainfall. Soil moisture is also a contributing
factor affecting the duration of flowering (Navie et al. ... preventing new infestations in parthenium weed-free pastures (Adkins et
al. 2005; Navie 1998a). In order to avoid bare patches due to heavy grazing and livestock
congregation at watering points, ... 150 days after spraying (Muniyappa et al. 1980)
whereas applying up to 2.0 kg a.i./ha in late July or early August, which coincides with
peak growth due to monsoon rains in India failed to provide...
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An investigation into the style of the english language used in advertising slogans issued by some world - famous airlines
Ngày tải lên :
07/11/2012, 14:54
...
MAIN FINDINGS AND
DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Main Findings
4.1.1 Phonological features
Use of rhymes
One of the best techniques for bringing in the brand name is to make the slogan rhyme with
it. By ... meaning.
Internal noises: They are thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.
Semantic noises: They are those that alternate meanings arisen certain symbols that
inhibit meaning. ... reveal interesting features in language used in slogans in
general and airline slogans in particular. Second, world-famous airlines have a wide scope of
activities with customers coming from...
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