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The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics Solar and Space Physics Survey Committee, National Research Council The Sun to the Earth —and Beyond A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics Solar and Space Physics Survey Committee Committee on Solar and Space Physics Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Govern- ing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineer- ing, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropri- ate balance. Support for this project was provided by Contract NASW 96013 and NASW 01001 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Purchase Order No. 40-AA-NR-111308, National Science Foundation Grant No. ATM-0109283, Office of Naval Research Grant No. N00014-01-1-0753, and Air Force Office of Scientific Research Purchase Order No. FQ8671-0101168. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. International Standard Book Number 0-309-08509-8 (Book) International Standard Book Number 0-309-50800-2 (PDF) Library of Congress Control Number 2003101592 Cover: The background photo is of the aurora borealis as viewed from the vicinity of Fairbanks, Alaska. The three figures in the inset show the magnetically structured plasma of the Sun’s million-degree corona (left); the plasmasphere, a cloud of low- energy plasma that surrounds Earth and co-rotates with it (top right); and an artist’s conception of Jupiter’s inner magnetosphere, with the Io plasma torus and the magnetic flux tubes that couple the planet’s upper atmosphere with the magneto- sphere. Ground-based aurora photo courtesy of Jan Curtis; coronal image courtesy of the Stanford-Lockheed Institute for Space Research and NASA; plasmasphere image courtesy of the IMAGE EUV team and NASA; rendering of the jovian mag- netosphere courtesy of J.R. Spencer (Lowell Observatory). Copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20055, (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334- 3313 in the Washington metropolitan area. Internet, http://www.nap.edu Copies of this report are available free of charge from: Space Studies Board National Research Council 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engi- neers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer- ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is presi- dent of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sci- ences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Coun- cil is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html iv RECENT REPORTS OF THE SPACE STUDIES BOARD Satellite Observations of the Earth’s Environment: Accelerating the Transition of Research to Operations (2003) Assessment of the Usefulness and Availability of NASA’s Earth and Space Mission Data (2002) Factors Affecting the Utilization of the International Space Station for Research in the Biological and Physical Sciences (prepublication) (2002) Life in the Universe: An Assessment of U.S. and International Programs in Astrobiology (prepublication) (2002) New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy (prepublication) (2002) Review of NASA’s Earth Science Enterprise Applications Program Plan (2002) “Review of the Redesigned Space Interferometry Mission (SIM)” (2002) Safe on Mars: Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Martian Surface (2002) Toward New Partnerships in Remote Sensing: Government, the Private Sector, and Earth Science Research (2002) Using Remote Sensing in State and Local Government: Information for Management and Decision Making (prepublication) (2002) Assessment of Mars Science and Mission Priorities (prepublication) (2001) The Mission of Microgravity and Physical Sciences Research at NASA (2001) The Quarantine and Certification of Martian Samples (prepublication) (2001) Readiness Issues Related to Research in the Biological and Physical Sciences on the International Space Station (2001) “Scientific Assessment of the Descoped Mission Concept for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST)” (2001) Signs of Life: A Report Based on the April 2000 Workshop on Life Detection Techniques (prepublication) (2001) Transforming Remote Sensing Data into Information and Applications (2001) U.S. Astronomy and Astrophysics: Managing an Integrated Program (2001) Copies of these reports are available free of charge from: Space Studies Board The National Academies 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (202) 334-3477 ssb@nas.edu www.nationalacademies.org/ssb/ssb.html NOTE: Listed according to year of approval for release. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html v SOLAR AND SPACE PHYSICS SURVEY COMMITTEE LOUIS J. LANZEROTTI, Lucent Technologies, Chair ROGER L. ARNOLDY, University of New Hampshire FRAN BAGENAL, University of Colorado at Boulder DANIEL N. BAKER, University of Colorado at Boulder JAMES L. BURCH, Southwest Research Institute JOHN C. FOSTER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology PHILIP R. GOODE, Big Bear Solar Observatory RODERICK A. HEELIS, University of Texas, Dallas MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles WILLIAM H. MATTHAEUS, University of Delaware FRANK B. McDONALD, University of Maryland EUGENE N. PARKER, University of Chicago , Professor Emeritus GEORGE C. REID, University of Colorado at Boulder ROBERT W. SCHUNK, Utah State University ALAN M. TITLE, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center ARTHUR CHARO, Study Director WILLIAM S. LEWIS, 1 Consultant THERESA M. FISHER, Senior Program Assistant 1 On temporary assignment from Southwest Research Institute. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html vi PANEL ON THE SUN AND HELIOSPHERIC PHYSICS JOHN T. GOSLING, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chair ALAN M. TITLE, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, Vice Chair TIMOTHY S. BASTIAN, National Radio Astronomy Observatory EDWARD W. CLIVER, Air Force Research Laboratory JUDITH T. KARPEN, Naval Research Laboratory JEFFREY R. KUHN, University of Hawaii MARTIN A. LEE, University of New Hampshire RICHARD A. MEWALDT, California Institute of Technology VICTOR PIZZO, NOAA Space Environment Center JURI TOOMRE, University of Colorado at Boulder THOMAS H. ZURBUCHEN, University of Michigan PANEL ON SOLAR WIND AND MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS CHRISTOPHER T. RUSSELL, University of California, Los Angeles, Chair JOACHIM BIRN, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Vice Chair BRIAN J. ANDERSON, Johns Hopkins University JAMES L. BURCH, Southwest Research Institute JOSEPH F. FENNELL, Aerospace Corporation STEPHEN A. FUSELIER, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center MICHAEL HESSE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center WILLIAM S. KURTH, University of Iowa JANET G. LUHMANN, University of California, Berkeley MARK MOLDWIN, University of California, Los Angeles HARLAN E. SPENCE, Boston University MICHELLE F. THOMSEN, Los Alamos National Laboratory PANEL ON ATMOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE-MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS MICHAEL C. KELLEY, Cornell University, Chair MARY K. HUDSON, Dartmouth College, Vice Chair DANIEL N. BAKER, University of Colorado at Boulder THOMAS E. CRAVENS, University of Kansas TIMOTHY J. FULLER-ROWELL, University of Colorado at Boulder MAURA E. HAGAN, National Center for Atmospheric Research UMRAN S. INAN, Stanford University TIMOTHY L. KILLEEN, National Center for Atmospheric Research CRAIG KLETZING, University of Iowa Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html vii JANET U. KOZYRA, University of Michigan ROBERT LYSAK, University of Minnesota GEORGE C. REID, University of Colorado at Boulder HOWARD J. SINGER, NOAA Space Environment Center ROGER W. SMITH, University of Alaska PANEL ON THEORY, MODELING, AND DATA EXPLORATION GARY P. ZANK, University of California, Riverside, Chair DAVID G. SIBECK, 1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair SPIRO K. ANTIOCHOS, Naval Research Laboratory RICHARD S. BOGART, Stanford University JAMES F. DRAKE, JR., University of Maryland ROBERT E. ERGUN, University of Colorado at Boulder JACK R. JOKIPII, University of Arizona JON A. LINKER, Science Applications International Corporation WILLIAM LOTKO, Dartmouth College JOACHIM RAEDER, University of California, Los Angeles ROBERT W. SCHUNK, Utah State University PANEL ON EDUCATION AND SOCIETY RAMON E. LOPEZ, University of Texas, El Paso, Chair MARK ENGEBRETSON, Augsburg College, Vice Chair FRAN BAGENAL, University of Colorado CRAIG DEFOREST, Southwest Research Institute PRISCILLA FRISCH, University of Chicago DALE E. GARY, New Jersey Institute of Technology MAUREEN HARRIGAN, Agilent Technologies ROBERTA M. JOHNSON, National Center for Atmospheric Research STEPHEN P. MARAN, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center TERRANCE ONSAGER, NOAA Space Environment Center 1 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory until summer 2002. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html viii COMMITTEE ON SOLAR AND SPACE PHYSICS JAMES L. BURCH, Southwest Research Institute, Chair JAMES F. DRAKE, University of Maryland STEPHEN A. FUSELIER, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center MARY K. HUDSON, Dartmouth College MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles CRAIG KLETZING, University of Iowa FRANK B. McDONALD, University of Maryland EUGENE N. PARKER, University of Chicago, Professor Emeritus ROBERT W. SCHUNK, Utah State University GARY P. ZANK, University of California, Riverside ARTHUR CHARO, Study Director THERESA M. FISHER, Senior Program Assistant NOTE: Members listed are those who served during the survey study period in 2001-2002. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html ix SPACE STUDIES BOARD JOHN H. McELROY, University of Texas at Arlington (retired), Chair ROGER P. ANGEL, University of Arizona JAMES P. BAGIAN, Veterans Health Administration’s National Center for Patient Safety ANA P. BARROS, Harvard University RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University ROGER D. BLANDFORD, California Institute of Technology JAMES L. BURCH, Southwest Research Institute RADFORD BYERLY, JR., University of Colorado at Boulder ROBERT E. CLELAND, University of Washington HOWARD M. EINSPAHR, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute STEVEN H. FLAJSER, Loral Space and Communications Ltd. MICHAEL FREILICH, Oregon State University DON P. GIDDENS, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University RALPH H. JACOBSON, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (retired) MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles CONWAY LEOVY, University of Washington BRUCE D. MARCUS, TRW, Inc. (retired) HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired) ANNA-LOUISE REYSENBACH, Portland State University ROALD S. SAGDEEV, University of Maryland CAROLUS J. SCHRIJVER, Lockheed Martin ROBERT J. SERAFIN, National Center for Atmospheric Research MITCHELL SOGIN, Marine Biological Laboratory C. MEGAN URRY, Yale University PETER VOORHEES, Northwestern University J. CRAIG WHEELER, University of Texas at Austin JOSEPH K. ALEXANDER, Director Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html [...].. .The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html Preface The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space. .. reserved The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html xii PREFACE discusses the role of solar and space physics research in education and examines the productive cross-fertilization that has occurred between solar and space physics and related fields, in particular astrophysics and laboratory plasma physics Each of the five... curricula If solar and space physics is to have a healthy presence in academia, additional faculty members will be needed to guide student research (both undergraduate and graduate), to teach solar and space physics graduate programs, and to integrate topics in solar and space physics into basic physics and astronomy classes Recommendation: The NSF and NASA should jointly establish a program of “bridged... processes important to solar and space physics. 2 Recommendation: The NSF and NASA should take the lead and other interested agencies should collaborate in supporting, via the proposal and funding processes, increased interactions between researchers in Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html... magnetosphere The response of Earth s magnetosphere to variations in the solar wind was clearly revealed by an international flotilla of more than a dozen spacecraft and by the first neutral-atom and extreme-ultraviolet imaging of ener- 1 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html... disciplinary boundaries and that are relevant to all of the subdisciplines of solar and space physics The Panel on Education and Society examined a variety of issues related to both formal and informal education, including the incorporation of solar and space physics content in science instruction at all levels, the training of solar and space physicists at colleges and universities, and public outreach The. .. National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Data acquisition and availability During the coming decade, gigabytes of data could be available every day for incorporation into physics- based data assimilation models of the solar- terrestrial environment and into... The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ronment Ongoing NSF programs and facilities in solar and space physics, two complementary mission lines in the NASA Sun- Earth Connection program the Solar Terrestrial Probes (STP) for basic research and Living With a Star (LWS) for targeted basic research and. .. Recommendation: Existing NOAA and DOD facilities should be expanded to accommodate the large-scale integration of space- and ground-based data sets into physics- based models of the geospace environment Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved 11 The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10477.html 12 THE SUN TO THE. .. for the continuance of space- based measurements such as solar wind data from the L1 location as well as near Earth and for distribution of the data for operational use.4 Recommendation: NASA and NOAA should initiate the necessary planning to transition solar and geospace imaging instrumentation into operational programs for the public and private sectors Transition from research to operations Means . personal PDFs are available immediately. The Sun to the Earth and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics Solar and Space Physics. Committee, National Research Council The Sun to the Earth and Beyond A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics Solar and Space Physics Survey