trophic effects of gut hormones in the gastrointestinal tract

... F2 is the force generated by the drag of the blood in the tunneled segment; F3 is due to the pressure pushing in upstream direction in the exit cone of the bridge, and Ftissue is the retaining ... intracoronary injection of nitroglycerin [9] In this case, the pressure is higher in the bridge than in the proximal segment during systole [29], and it produces a transient increase of the pressure in the ... provided by the myocardial tissues surrounding the artery distally of the cross section x = In the following, we mainly consider the effect of these four forces in the wall cross section x = In that...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 16:21

... confirming the effectiveness of this drug These data indicate a prominent role of RhoA and p38 signaling in the activation of CREB via MSK1 Role of RhoA and p38 kinase in the activation of Cyr61/CCN1 ... network of biochemical routes involving one or more cytoplasmic kinase cascades acting on the MAP kinase family [53] In particular, the GTP-binding protein RhoA can stimulate the expression of either ... similar to the CRE consensus sequence with the first nucleotide of the first dyad deleted resulting in a pseudopalindromic site To further determine the role of AP-1, CREB and their variants in the regulation...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... germ cells, in the bulge of the hair follicle, the bone marrow, the crypt of an intestinal villus, and the subventricular zone of the brain (reviewed in [10]) It is still a matter of investigation ... factors These proteins are involved in several lineage-specification processes and mediate many of the primary effects of Notch activation The HES proteins inhibit the expression of lineage-specifying ... expansion of HSCs in an immature state, indicating an involvement of the canonical Wnt pathway in this process [40] On the other hand, applying soluble inhibitors that prevent Wnt proteins from binding...

Ngày tải lên: 03/04/2014, 12:05

... Graph View of genes containing AP-4 binding sites, aligned by ATG as The height of the bar indicates the number of binding sites of each type within the bin of 1000 bp Bins can be adjusted in size ... the short length of binding site sequences, the binding site sequence field uses a variable type of varchar instead of the longtext used by GeneDB The BindingSiteDB table also provides the link ... BLAT) Binding site displays Binding sites for TFs can be displayed in a number of ways Selecting and submitting a TF family or gene returns a display of the location of binding sites on the single...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 09:22

... [26–37] In a murine hyperoxia model, the effects of lisofylline on the activation of NF-κB and CREB, on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs and on the circulating levels of oxidized ... to increasing intracellular stores of GSSG, a potent inhibitor of NF-κB transcription factor DNA binding The pathway leading to the formation of GSH by the action of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase ... is interesting to observe that IL-11 did not affect the BALF content of the CXC chemokines, of the macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and of the cytokine-inducible neutrophil chemoattractant The...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... Hellwig-Bürgel et al investigated the effects of these cytokines on the activation of the HIF-1 DNA-binding complex and the amount of HIF-1α protein in human hepatoma cells in culture [47] Under normoxic ... potential mediator of increased pulmonary vascular permeability in this model of acute lung injury Further elaborating on the mechanisms involving HIF-1 in regulating the inflammatory response, ... a promising therapy to reduce injury and to improve lung function play a central role in initiating the innate immune system and in activating NF-κB Anti-inflammatory cytokines have the ability...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... calculated using the following formula: percentage of matches in the cluster (the third column in the Table 3) divided by percentage of hits in GPD (the fourth column in the Table 3) [116] The former ... status The prevalences of p53, NF-κB, and AP-1 binding sites were observed in the promoter regions of different gene clusters, suggesting their importance for the subgrouping of HNSCCs Increases in ... sites of the matrix metalloproteinase-3 promoter in response to inflammatory cytokines [98] Coordinated binding of ZBP-89, SP1, and NF-κB p65/p50 in the ENA-78 (epithelial neutrophil-activating...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:21

... observations of intersex in fish have been increasing in regularity in the Shenandoah River and Potomac River basins in Virginia (Blazer and others, 2007) The fish kills and observations of intersex ... rate-limiting barriers allowing the use of the same models to determine ambient water concentrations Previous data indicate that many chemicals of interest remain in the linear phase of sampling for ... triolein represented 20 percent of the mass of the SPMDs conforming to a “standard SPMD” as defined by Huckins and others (2006) Two of the four SPMDs in each deployment canister and two of the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 08:20

... all-alpha domain, STAT protein DNA-binding domain and SH2 domain of stat6, and the zinc-finger domain, leucine-zipper domain and fork-head domain of foxp3 In addition, for stat6 and foxp3, there were ... implicated in other protein–protein interactions, a STAT protein DNA-binding domain and an SH2 domain, which binds phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the context of a longer peptide motif within a ... FOX proteins, a leucine zipper domain and a C2H2 zinc finger domain, both of which are thought to help mediate DNA binding and may be involved in the induction of dimerization [43] Each of these...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... of the differentiation stages during chondrogenesis and the involvement of transcription factors (henatoxylin and eosin-stained section of an embryonic cartilaginous limb) of the development of ... genetic diseases [47] Most analyses of the regulation of AP-2 and the interactions of the transcription factor with binding partners, as well as of the regulation of target gene expression, have ... expression of AP-2a in these tissues to upstream signaling pathways They assessed the organization of a cis-regulatory region within the fifth intron specific for directing AP-2a expression to the developing...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... expressing JSP1-wt that remained attached to the culture dish Since the detachment of cells and condensation of chromatin also occurs during mitosis [28], we tested the impact of the pan-caspase inhibitor ... those of the wild-type protein that was encountered in the floating cells (Fig 5C) Taken together, these data indicated that JSP1-wt, but not the -G2A mutant, induced detachment of cells and induction ... myristoylation interferes with binding of the signal recognition particle, resulting in a part of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase escaping the endoplasmic reticulum insertion pathway and relocating to the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 14:20

... illustrating the binding of the feedback inhibitor dTTP and the position of Mg2+ in the active site Mg ion that coordinates the phosphates of dTTP (Fig 3) Discussion Mutation of residues in the active ... the base, was mutated to N in order to see how the increased distance between the base and substrate-binding amino acid affected the binding of dThd and deoxycytidine (dCyd) Results Fig Binding ... with the amino acids lining this space Binding of BVDU to Dm-dNK-Y70W compensates for the loss of one hydrogen bond to 3¢-OH by a tighter fitting of the bromovinyl group, thus restoring the tight...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 02:20

... factors including Ets, GATA, and MyoD/E-box binding factors The introduction of mutation into one of the putative Etsbinding sequences suppressed the promoter activity In addition, the specific binding ... assay (EMSA) using the Ets consensus site at )133 As the involvement of the Ets consensus binding site at )133 in the promoter activity of the mouse a3 integrin gene was suggested by the luciferase ... triplicate, and the error bars indicate the standard deviation attempted to introduce mutations into these sequences As shown in Fig 8, the introduction of mutation into one of the Ets-binding sequences...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 03:20

... to be involved in the catalytic site of the enzyme and the second histidine residue may play a role in maintaining the enzyme structure Additionally, the first histidine residue of motif is considered ... All other motifs were present in all the proteins The histidine residues of motifs and have already been found to be involved in the enzyme active site or structure of the N-DAAase protein [23–25] ... analysis To study the substrate specificity of the N-D-AAase protein, the activity of the enzyme against N-acyl-D- or L-amino acids and other D-amino acid derivates was determined (Table 3) The substrates...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 16:20

... factors the development of studies aimed at the identification of the biological role of Muc5b in the lung employing mouse models Results Characterization of the sequence of the promoter of the murine ... expressed in the cytoplasm of MUC5B-expressing cells (Fig 5C,F,I) Discussion The human MUC5B mucin gene is one of the main mucin genes expressed in the respiratory tract, in which it is mainly found in ... gain an insight into, and to understand, the regulation of the murine homolog of MUC5B In the present study, we have isolated and characterized the promoter of the murine Muc5b mucin gene in...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 00:20

... Cloning and expression of the liver and muscle isoforms of ovine carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1: residues within the N-terminus of the muscle isoform in uence the kinetic properties of the ... & Price NT (2000) Use of six chimeric proteins to investigate the role of intramolecular interactions in determining the kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I isoforms J Biol Chem 275, ... ascertain whether the presence of a negative domain in the N-terminal region of the pig enzyme could be responsible for its low level of malonyl-CoA inhibition, we determined the IC50 of wild-type...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 04:20

... termination module of the NRPS assembly line [11] The resulting structure can be either branched-cyclic, as in the case of the last-line antibiotic daptomycin, or closed, as in the case of the antibiotic ... to the N-termini of each oligopeptide chain Prominent members of the quinoxaline-group of chromodepsipeptides Quinoxalines Quinolines O O N MeS S O O O N H N N H H N N H O N O N O echinomycin ... structure as a result of the condensation of two symmetrical halves Furthermore, this class can be subdivided into two main groups (i.e the quinoxalines and the quinolines), depending on the chromophore...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 06:20

... the DNA conformation of or bp starting from the PNA –DNA junction without in uencing the conformation of the remaining base pairs Computational analysis of the interaction of p50 NF-kB with the ... total of 10 ng of NF-kB factors were incubated for 20 in binding buffer in the absence ( –) or in the presence of the indicated concentrations of NF-kB DNA –DNA and NF-kB PDP–PDP molecules, as indicated ... total of mg of nuclear factors were incubated for 20 in binding buffer in the absence (–) or in the presence of 50–200 ng of competitor molecules, as indicated After this incubation period, a further...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 04:21

... contains a sole NrpR consisting of one single NrpR domain with a N-terminal HTH domain [26], it is of specific interest to elucidate whether the single NrpR domain of M kandleri is also binding ... further verifying formation of a complex between NrpRI and NrpRII The presence of 10 mm 2-oxoglutarate significantly decreased the binding of MBP–NrpRI to the operator as well as the binding of the ... in the presence of M NaCl The original data represent the results of a single experiment (D) Quantification of MBP–NrpRI of three independent experiments The overall amounts of MBP–NrpRI eluting...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 21:20