theory of inventive problem solving pdf

... distilled the problems, contradictions, and solutions in these patents into a theory of inventive problem solving which he named TRIZ. 3.0 TRIZ: The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving There ... cutting needs. Figure 1. General Problem Solving Model. 2.1 Inventive Problems The other type of problem is one with no known solution. It is called an inventive problem and may contain contradictory ... findings are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Levels of Inventiveness. Level Degree of inventiveness % of solutions Source of knowledge Approximate # of solutions to consider 1 Apparent solution 32%...

Ngày tải lên: 10/12/2013, 03:15

Ngày tải lên: 10/11/2013, 19:32

... coherent problem- solving dialogue and thereby building up a model of the agent's problem- solving behavior. A domain plan library for a subset of naval fleet operations plans and sets of examples ... that shape problem- solving discourse. Instead of a small number of metaplans used to represent changes in focus among domain plans, we have a larger set modeling the problem- solving and query ... the problem- solving steps that the agent uses to ex- plore and refine the class of domain plans for that goal. An instance of build-subplan, say, reflects the agent's choice of one of...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 05:21

... costs of firms, as well as consumer preferences. This is typical in the field of insurance. Expected costs of medical insurance, for example, depend on the health characteristics of the insured. Of ... longevities of individuals. Consequently, annuities are offered at the same price to all potential buyers, leading to a pooling equilibrium. In contrast, the setting for the standard theory of optimum ... + R. (14.17) The problem of optimum commodity taxation can now be stated: The government wishes to raise a given amount, T, of tax revenue, t ˆ x( ˆ q) = T, (14.18) by means of unit taxes, t...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... a surviving holder of the annuity. 3 A long-term annuity pays a flow of returns, specified in advance, over a certain period of time or indefinitely. When the short-run returns of annuities’ depend ... survival function, the purchase or sale of a long-term annuity is equivalent to a sequence of purchases or sales of short-term annuities. However, upon the arrival of information on and the differentiation ... arrival of risk-class information yield a predetermined flow of returns which, in equilibrium, reflect the expected relative weight of different risk classes in the population. Because of their...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... purchase of a smaller amount of annuities early in life because of overly pessimistic beliefs about survival probabilities (a form of short-sightedness). It may provide one explanation of the observed small ... decreasing the marginal utility of consumption and hence the value of this postponement. Which of these opposite effects dominates depends on whether the elasticity of the marginal utility is larger ... is a positive rate of interest on assets, the competitive rate of return on annuities is equal to the rate of interest plus the hazard rate. The reason is obvious: The issuers of annuities can...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... includes a derivation of the equilibrium rate of return on annuities purchased prior to the realization of heterogeneous risk classes. Chapter 9 analyzes the characteristics of a pooling equilibrium, ... question of the functioning of a competitive annuity market. It is hoped that, this analysis can provide an underpinning for better SS reform designs. 1.1 Brief Outline of the Book The purpose of chapter ... or “higher longevity,” using the concepts of stochastic dominance developed in the theory of finance. In particular, it describes the possible effects of changes in longevity on survival probabilities...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... economics of incomplete information. Quarterly Journal of Economics 90: 624–649. Salanie, B. 2000. Microeconomics of Market Failure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Salanie, B. 2003. The Economics of Taxation. ... bequests and, 82; bundling and, 131; defined, 67; empirical importance of, 67; general model for, 69–71; proof of, 76; rate of return and, 71; refundable annuities and, 144–49; risk class and, ... not to leave: The distribution of bequest motives, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 11767. Kotlikoff, L., and L. Summers. 1981. The role of intergenerational transfers...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

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Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2013, 19:15

... the beginning of a new theory, the quantum theory. • In 1905 Einstein developed an analogue theory for light: Light consists of photons, the energy of each photon is h Einstein’s theory gave ... earlier Planck’s theory of radiation, the postulates of Einstein’s theory is as follows: Light consists of small “packages” of energy called photons or light quanta. The energy of a photon is ... Einstein’s quantum theory of light: To overcome the difficulty of classical physics, Albert Einstei n introduced the quantum theory of light, and developed the correct analysis of the photoelectric...

Ngày tải lên: 24/01/2014, 07:20

... E (lgEJ that IS already bol.nd to the mace oj masl eels, pr6ellt 11 amosl all tissues. Br1dr1g of aletgen 10 19£ n::lICes degr.nbtlOll and the release of large iIfOOl.nts of IlIlarrrnaIOfy meQ;alors, parbclAar'y hlstan e. Tln causes the vasodilatation, n:::reased capiary permeablkty and ","""""""" • Type' ll1YIJI'1'SCIISitivity ... adrrnster OKygIlll, • Arlanae transfer of the patJent 10 an appropnate sec60dary care fac*ty. • Ac:Mse the palIent of the need lor tOfrnal nvesbgallOn of the probable aIeiIY. Z A IIUlTllOCUlAR RAOIOlUCfNCY Apostero-arJtenor If'II.I 01 the I'fWS A IoweI true (90") occlus,)i A plnapICal 01 the low!f nght secOfld premolar and Ihe tnt l'fIOIar lo show ... Closed Fill. 7.2 Movements of t!Ie temporomandibular ~nt duriflg t!Ie normal opernng and cloSIng cycle, WIth reciprocal ciockrlg and r1 closed lock. The structure of the normal temporomandibuar imnt is soown ,n the upper panel, WIth the companents of the artJculltr dISC and I04nt capsule. The top row shows the normal opernng aoo cloSing cycle. Rotation occurs In the lower ;OInt compartment aoo lTanslation in t!Ie upper. The mechan;sm of reciprocal chcklng IS shown In the middle lOW Wltn arrows Ondicatlng the sudden roovements of diSC and condyle that cause OPE'l\IIlg (0) and cloSlng re) cllcl<s rt!s~t"ety The bonom row shows partial opening III a pabent With closed locI< as a result of anterlQf dlSlllacement of the disc with reduced translation and opernng. I, External auditory meatus; 2, bdaml,"" regIon of d,sc; 3, posterlQf band of dISC; 4, intermediate lone of dISC; 5. antenQl b<l<1d of disc; 6, ~Isertion of lateral pterygOId. space and IS reqUired for opening and lateral excursion. Thus, In intra-articular causes of trismus there is usually lImitation of movement 111 all dIrectIons, as In the present case. Movements possible in intra- and extra-articular trismus and locking are shown In FIgure 7.3. •...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 21:20