the oxford introduction to protoindoeuropean

... The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World This page intentionally left blank The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European ... intentionally left blank Introduction The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and The Proto-Indo-European World Wlls the need for a relatively concise introduction to the full range of reconstructed ... the blending of the original language with other elements that made them appear less closely related to the three classical tongues Critical to this entire model is the actual evidence that the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 10:19

... The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World This page intentionally left blank The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European ... n n _ n m to the hard palate; then the retroXexes, a sound made with the tip of the tongue pressed against the palate, rather than the upper surface of the tongue as in the case of the palatal ... horses’ The subject of the sentence, the sheep, is at the head and so the order of elements is the subject (S), then the verb (V) and then the object (O), i.e SVO, i.e ‘sheep saw horses’ Since then,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... father! (*phater) The accusative denotes the direct object, e.g 8 ´ I saw the father (*phaterm ); the genitive indicates possession, e.g the father’s cow (*phatros) The Wnal four cases are the ... endings, there were changes that could be made to the beginning of the verb as well These comprise the augment and reduplication The augment was merely the addition of a particle *h1e- to the beginning ... the endings of the Wrst, second, and third persons singular The other type, which has left only traces in the other IE groups, has the endings -hi, -ti, and -i instead On the other hand, Anatolian...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... *gheluhxs tortoise is found in Slavic (e.g OCS zely) and Grk khelus If we were able securely to reconstruct the tortoise to Proto-Indo-European, we would have another marker for the Proto-Indo-European ... either case, the diVerent semantic speciWcations of the dangerous one or the tearer in Anatolian and the rest of Indo-European may suggest semantic shift as one (the Anatolians) or the other ... natural territory of the camel might one of three things with their original word camel: They might simply abandon the word altogether as they and their linguistic descendants were not likely to encounter...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... *h2en´ ¯ *mehater ‘of the same father’ ‘father; procreator’ ‘father’ ‘father’ ‘father, papa’ ‘son’ ‘son’ ‘son’ ‘grandson; (?) nephew’ ‘descendant’ ‘father’s mother’ ‘mother’ *h4en*n-h4en*h4em*m-h4em*haekkehaˆ ... of ‘grandfather’ and ‘mother’s brother’, but then each group shows a diVerent derivation for ‘mother’s brother’, suggesting the Omaha-like equation of ‘grandfather’ and ‘mother’s brother’ was ... similar to the one ancestral to Tocharian has been widely borrowed into the Uralic languages, e.g Proto-Balto-Finnic-Lapp´ ´ Mordvin *waske ‘copper, brass’, Proto-Ugric *was ‘metal, iron’, Proto¨...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... due either to the fact that *tek the verbal root itself is ambiguous or the fact that the craft of the carpenter also included the construction of wattled (woven) walls The herdsman, *westor-, ... anda(n) in) The widespread *haed meant to (e.g Irish ad- to, Lat ad to, at, NE at, Phryg ad- to) as did *do or *de (e.g OIr do, Lat do-nec up to, NE to, Lith da up to, OCS up to, Grk -de toward, ... fall together in many IndoEuropean languages and there does not seem to be a set of diVerent roots to distinguish the two activities in Proto-Indo-European The closest we can come to a Proto-Indo-European...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... words for the names of birds are often onomatopoeic and in addition to these there are a number of other words associated with the speech of animals That the language of animals is speciWc to one’s ... but the Indo-Iranian and Celtic ¯ ¯ evidence is insuYcient to allow us to reconstruct ‘praise-put’ to Proto-IndoEuropean; the phrase may well have been independently created at either end of the ... Hrothgar, and Halga the good’ To go further and reconstruct the actual metrical system of the Proto-Indo-Europeans has been attempted a number of times and there is no doubt that there are striking...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... reasoning, the Proto-Indo-European homeland is placed in Anatolia, requiring all the other Indo-European languages to separate oV from Anatolia (either to the east or to the west), or the homeland ... was the closest to the proto-language, but over the course of the next century two other contenders appeared The archaic nature claimed for Anatolian made it possible to suggest that it was the ... across historical Iran and India varies from the extremely meagre to total absence: both the Anatolian and the Kurgan theory Wnd it extraordinarily diYcult to explain the expansion of the IndoEuropean...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... fast fasten AN ENGLISH—PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN WORDLIST fat(ness) father father (of the same) father-in-law father’s brother father’s mother fatigued fault favour fear feather feed felt fence ferment ... en- (GA) *tk ˆı ˆ *tk´tis (GA) [*tkei- ‘settle’] w *tk reh1yot´ *todeha ´ *toksom (GA) *tolko/eha*tolkw- (NW) ´ *tomhxes´ *tor ´ *toti (WC) *trebs (WC) ¯ ‘be heavy, diYcult’ ‘pull’ ‘pole’ ‘shallow ... *solwos *som- [*sem- ‘once’] ˆn *somo-g8h1-yo-s (WC) ˆ [*sem ‘together’ þ *genh1- ‘beget’] *somo-phator ¯ ´ [*sem ‘together’ þ *phater‘father’] ¯ *somos [*sem- ‘once’] *soru *speh1*(s)p(e)iko/ehaˆ...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... 439 to 289, 290, 293 toad 350, 333 Tocharian 6, 13, 14, 15, 35, 42, 47, 110, 111, 115, 448 Tocharian A 35 Tocharian B 35 Tocharian religion 427 Tocharians 461, 462 tongue 98, 174, 175, 200 tool ... tongue 98, 174, 175, 200 tool 111, 242, 252 tooth 98, 174, 175, 200 torch 244 torment 338 torso 201 tortoise 148 touch 114, 335, 336, 348, 349, 370 toward 289 Tower of Babel track (n) 250 track (v) ... 381 fat 257, 260, 261, 262, 298, 317, 319, 345, 346 father 209, 210, 211, 212, 214 father sky 431 father’s brother 210 father’s mother 209 father-in-law 210, 215 fatten 255, 257 fault 194 favour...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... 182 theo 400 theos 4, 409, 410 ther 134, 136 theraps 247, 248 thermos 344, 345 thersos 278, 282, 369 thesato 255, 256 thesis 276 thessasthai 356, 358 thetos 49 thnesko 330 thnetos ... Tetarton 366 tetartos 309, 312 tetraon 143, 144 pous 134, 136 tetra teukho 369, 370 thallo 161 thanatos 330 theno 278, 279 theié os 216 thelo 342 thelus 182 é themis 276 thenar ... tide 317, 318 tie 405 timber 220 time 318 tire 273, 274 to 289, 290 together 381 tong 189 tongs 191 tongue 174, 175 tooth 174, 175 tow 405 town 223 tree 30, 35, 156, 157 tremble 379 Tuesday 409...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... father of the perpetrator of the hoax As Middleton uncovers the truth of the scandal, so does his professional star rise until, at the end of the novel, he accepts the Chair of the History 22 The Cambridge ... feels obliged to take If to permit the expression of humanity is to tolerate the antisocial expression of youth power, this might also be to allow the rapists into your own home, into the writer’s ... political theme The most obvious of these is the dynamic of the thriller, which leaves Grace’s fate unclear until the The State and the Novel 35 final page The other is an extended allusion to Virginia...

Ngày tải lên: 21/09/2012, 11:00

... Christmas's Thomas's To form the plural possessive, they add an apostrophe to the s of the plural in the normal way, e.g bosses' the Joneses' dog the octopuses' tentacles the Thomases' dog French ... Gowers, Oxford, 1965) NEB The New English Bible (Oxford and Cambridge, 1970) ODWE OED TLS The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors (Oxford, 1981) The Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933) ... calicoes mementoes excuses) cargoes mosquitoes stuccoes dingoes mottoes tomatoes dominoes Negroes tornadoes echoes noes torpedoes embargoes peccadilloes vetoes goes porticoes volcanoes grottoes Words...

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2012, 09:55

... Tess's Father Christmas's Thomas's To form the plural possessive, they add an apostrophe to the s of the plural in the normal way, e g bosses' the octopuses' tentacles the Joneses' dog the Thomases' ... Supplement to the OED, Volume 1) 2.5 -arily In a few adverbs that end in the sequence -arily there is a tendency to place the stress on the a rather than the first syllable of the word The reason ... Ernest Gowers, Oxford, 1965) NEB The New English Bible (Oxford and Cambridge, 1970) ODWE The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors (Oxford, 1981) OED The Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933)...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2012, 13:46

... Christmas's Thomas's To form the plural possessive, they add an apostrophe to the s of the plural in the normal way, e.g bosses' the Joneses' dog the octopuses' tentacles the Thomases' dog French ... Gowers, Oxford, 1965) NEB The New English Bible (Oxford and Cambridge, 1970) ODWE OED TLS The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors (Oxford, 1981) The Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933) ... calicoes mementoes excuses) cargoes mosquitoes stuccoes dingoes mottoes tomatoes dominoes Negroes tornadoes echoes noes torpedoes embargoes peccadilloes vetoes goes porticoes volcanoes grottoes Words...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 15:15

... publication If the tools predate 1998, discard them immediately They predate the standard and therefore, by definition, they cannot conform to the standard In fact, the quality of C++ tools has improved ... _ The compiler accepts the program, but the linker complains Whether you can see the difference between the compiler and the linker depends on your particular tools Nonetheless, you failed to ... just to name a few The best way to contact Ray is via email to xxi About the Technical Reviewer FRANCIS GLASSBOROW read Mathematics at Merton College, Oxford He spent 25 years teaching mathematics...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 14:12

... Cambridge Introduction to Harriet Beecher Stowe Martin Scofield The Cambridge Introduction to the American Short Story Emma Smith The Cambridge Introduction to Shakespeare Peter Thomson The Cambridge Introduction ... Introduction to English Theatre, 1660–1900 Janet Todd The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen Theresa M Towner The Cambridge Introduction to William Faulkner Jennifer Wallace The Cambridge Introduction ... Introduction to Jacques Derrida David Holdeman The Cambridge Introduction to W B Yeats Adrian Hunter The Cambridge Introduction to the Short Story in English C L Innes The Cambridge Introduction to Postcolonial...

Ngày tải lên: 17/04/2014, 15:34

... hearken to the summons of the shepherd’s horn nearby, / To the muted mating call of the black grouses in the distance, / To the whistle of the nightingales in the bushes, [like] lambs in the air / To ... rhymes The title simply introduces day and night, but the poem itself contrasts them, devoting the first stanza to day and the second to night The fact that the second stanza begins with the word ... but beyond the rhymes at the end of the line, the placement of the stresses not form a pattern It might be tempting to see this rhythmic confusion as a reflection of the poem’s theme (the poet’s...

Ngày tải lên: 17/04/2014, 15:34

... text as The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight (abbreviated to The Life of King Henry the Eight for the running title: the *Oxford edition, 1986, was the first to restore the title ... direct the reader from the standard title terial in the Companion It allows the reader to see all the to the entry under the original title The Companion also follows the Oxford entries relating to ... All other actors were the employees of the sharers The sharers were not necessarily thefinestactors but they would have to bring a significant contribution to the company in the form either of capital...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 10:01