... FBAWhewell Professor ofInternational Law, Faculty of Law, andDirector, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law, University of CambridgeJohn S. Bell FBAProfessor of Law, Faculty of Law, ... interna-tional law is further reflected by the structure of many ofthe majortextbooks ofinternational law, which introduce the subject by outlin-ing the problem and offering some sort of solution ... problem, and the critiques of these attempts have, on the whole, constituted the central theoretical debate ofthe discipline.6 The defining character of this problem to the whole discipline of interna-tional...
... FBAWhewell Professor ofInternational Law, Faculty of Law, andDirector, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law, University of CambridgeJohn S. Bell FBAProfessor of Law, Faculty of Law, ... to the history of international law, illuminating the imperial character ofthe disciplineand its enduring significance for peoples ofthe Third World.antony anghie is Professor ofLaw at the ... sovereign ratherthan the Pope.Vitoria further undermines the position ofthe Church by refutinganother justification for Spanish conquest ofthe Indies: the argumentthat the Emperor is lord of the...
... 213.9 The politics ofinternationallaw international law. The end ofthe Cold War, and the attendant talk of a ‘new world order’, the triumph of liberalism, and the regulatory im-peratives of ... divided the United States from the large majority of other states that voted to adopt the Rome Statute ofthe Court, in partic-ular the role ofthe Security Council, the powers ofthe prosecutor, the questions ... that leave them ill-equipped to comprehend issues as funda-mental as the expanding corpus ofinternational law, the obligatory force of that law, the way in which the weak can employ thelaw as...
... evaluate the state of achievement of policy goals ofthe government sector only on the basis of financial data, the member SAIs must check whether the policies have led to the achievement of their ... convergence of such standards, and reviews past activities. (The views expressed in this paper are the personal views ofthe author and do not reflect the official view of the Board of Audit of Japan.) ... Code of Ethics, because the SAI’s independence from the audited entities, the transparency ofthe SAI’s organization and management, and the ethical views ofthe staff ofthe SAI addressed by those...
... January 1976ICJ International Court of JusticeICJ Reports Reports oftheInternational Court of JusticeICLQ International and Comparative Law QuarterlyICRC International Committee ofthe RedCrossICRC ... Conventionfor the Amelioration ofthe Condition of the Wounded and Sick in ArmedForces in the Field: Commentary(ICRC, Geneva, 1952)table ofconventions xlvii1993Convention on the Prohibition ofthe ... 95/46/EC (Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and onxxxiv table ofconventionsArt. 25 6,...
... oflaw such as criminal law, contract law, and thelawof torts, or spe-cific types of law, such as municipal state law, judge-made law, and customary law. 2 The philosophy ofinternationallaw ... of customary law. In the context of the discussion ofthe processes ofinternational law- making and hence of the sources or identification of its norms, the question ofthe kind of norms created27See ... THE PHILOSOPHY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW SECTION I HISTORY OFTHE PHILOSOPHY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 State ofNature versus Commercial Sociability as the Basis of International Law: Reflections on the...
... Kennedy, The Disciplines ofInternationalLaw , 12 Leiden Journal ofInternationalLaw (1999) 9, at 18.19 Cf. Anthony Carty, The Decay ofInternational Law? A Reappraisal ofthe Limits of Legal ... TheInternational Responsibility of States for Breach of Multilateral Obligations’, 10 European Journal ofInternationalLaw (1999) 353. 78Report oftheInternationalLaw Commission on the ... snare ofthe debate are by no means quite as recent. The idea of a fragmenting internationallaw brings into question issues such as the systemic character ofinternational law, the lack of hierarchy,...
... considering the place of international law among the sciences’,57and international lawyers ofthe periodinvariably refer to the ‘science’ ofinternational law. 58 The positivist self-image of being ... 1905.13Westlake was Whewell Professor ofInternationalLaw in the University of Cambridgein 1894, at the time ofthe publication of his work, Chapters on the Principles of InternationalLaw (Cambridge: Cambridge ... Oppenheim, The Science of International Law. 59Lawrence, The Principles ofInternational Law, p.94.60Ibid., p. 1.40 imperialism, sovereignty and internationallaw The second section of this chapter...
... act upon the advice of British Of cers ‘in matters relating to the administration of justice, the development ofthe resources ofthe country, the interests of commerce, or in anyother matter ... Walker, A History oftheLaw of Nations,p.12.72 imperialism, sovereignty and international law positivist practice of focusing on the words ofthe treaty, to the completeexclusion ofthe circumstances ... subjects ofInternational Law. ’ Oppenheim, International Law, p.110.Seeibid., pp. 154 156.85Lawrence, The Principles ofInternational Law, p.58.76 imperialism, sovereignty and international law arguing...
... R,islower;— the probability of success ofthe risky project, π,ishigher;— the efficiency of monitoring, P, is higher and the cost of monitoring, C,islower;— the cost of default, D, and the cost of loan ... numer-ically. The second and third terms represent the sum ofthethe marginal pdf and the conditionalcdf.Efficiency can be further improved if we take into account the panel structure ofthe data ... JTis the T ×T matrix of ones, the AR(1) coefficient |ρ| < 1 and the variance ofthe randomeffect 0 ≤ σ2a< 1.38This parameterization allows for random effects and the AR(1) structure of the...
... equilibria of compliance with a rule of customary inter-national law. This is a general theory ofthe binding natureof international law, and more specifically ofthe capacity of customary international ... maximize their own preferences,rather than those ofthe citizenry. Often the preferences of these public of- ficials are assumed to be political support, either in the form of votes or in the form of ... of the commons, may develop.25With the rise of public law herein, simply law that is mandatory the mandatory character of this law may be taken as anexpression ofthe increasing value to the...
... by 0.0167 gÆcm)3, from the start of the experiment. By the end ofthe measurement, the thickness had increased by 0.342 nm, the mass hadincreased by 0.10 ngÆmm)2and the density haddecreased ... fluores-cence. The subsequent plateau phase is associated witha decrease in the concentration of small species, or the aggregation and precipitation of fibrils [37]. The kinet-ics of these three stages of ... min. In the main, the pres-ence of a-crystallin significantly decreased formation of this large aggregate. As a result ofthe interaction of a-crystallin with reduced j-casein, a complex of similarmass...
... toshow the relative positions and movements of the sun, planets, and moon as they cir-cled the earth. As the center ofthe uni-verse, the earth was a sphere in the center of the orrery. The other ... of the last two centuries has been the discovery of the vast expanse of geologic time. Earlymethods of calculating the age ofthe earthrelied on measures ofthe rate of sedimenta-tion or the ... movements ofthe planetsgiven the laws of motion that Newtonderived. As a result ofthe steady accumu-lation of evidence, the theological interpre-tation of celestial movements gave way tothe...