State interest and the sources of international law

State Interest and the Sources of International Law This book addresses the disparity between positive non-treaty law and its scholarly assessment in the area of moral concepts, understood as altruistic as opposed to reciprocal legal obligations It shows how scholars are generously willing to assert the existence of a rule of international law, thereby moving further away from actual state practice, not taking into account the factors of legal rhetoric and the core survival interests of the state in the formation of custom and general principles of law The main argument is that such moral concepts can simply not manifest themselves as non-treaty sources of international law from a dogmatic perspective The reason is the inherent connection between the formation of the non-treaty sources of international law and state interest that makes it difficult, if not impossible, to assess state practice or opinio juris in the case of altruistic obligations The book further demonstrates this finding by looking at two cases in point: Human rights and humanitarian exceptions to the prohibition of force As opposed to the majority of existing works on the subject, State Interest and the Sources of International Law takes a bigger-picture approach to a number of distinct problems in international law scholarship by looking at the building blocks of international relations on the one hand, and merging this with sources doctrine on the other It will be of interest to researchers, academics, and students in the fields of international law, human rights, international relations, political science, legal philosophy, and legal theory Markus P Beham is an Assistant Professor at the Chair of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law, European, and International Economic Law at the University of Passau, Germany Routledge Research in International Law For a full list of titles in this series, visit www.routledge.com/RoutledgeResearch-in-International-Law/book-series/INTNLLAW Available: Regionalism in International Law Ján Klucˇka The International Criminal Court and Nigeria Implementing the Complementarity Principle of the Rome Statute Muyiwa Adigun Armed Conflict and Forcible Displacement Individual Rights under International Law Edited by Elena Katselli Proukaki The Rule of Unwritten International Law Customary Law, General Principles, and World Order Peter G Staubach State Interest and the Sources of International Law Doctrine, Morality, and Non-Treaty Law Markus P Beham Demilitarization and International Law in Context The Åland Islands Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark and Saila Heinikoski International Criminal Law and Sexual Violence against Women The Interpretation of Gender in the Contemporary International Criminal Trial Daniela Nadj Regional Developmentalism Through Law The Use of Law to Support the Effective Establishment of an African Economic Community Jonathan Bashi Rudahindwa State Interest and the Sources of International Law Doctrine, Morality, and Non-Treaty Law Markus P Beham First published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Taylor & Francis The right of Markus P Beham to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him/her/them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Beham, Markus Peter, author Title: State interest and the sources of international law : doctrine, morality, and non-treaty law / Markus P Beham Description: Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018 | Series: Routledge research in international law | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2017055529 | ISBN 9781138298781 (hardback) | ISBN 9781351579964 (web pdf) | ISBN 9781351579957 (epub) | ISBN 9781351579940 (mobipocket) Subjects: LCSH: International law | State, The | International law–Moral and ethical aspects Classification: LCC KZ3410 B44 2018 | DDC 341/.1–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017055529 ISBN: 9781138298781 (hbk) ISBN: 9781315098388 (ebk) Typeset in Galliard by Taylor & Francis Books In memory of Christian Fiammengo (1989–2014) who would have been a great international lawyer, and who saw more of the world in 25 years than most diplomats I know This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Treaties List of Cases Permanent Court of International Justice xiii International Court of Justice xiii Arbitral Awards xv European Court of Human Rights xv International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia xv United Kingdom Cases xv United States Cases xvi List of Documents League of Nations xvii United Nations xvii International Labour Organization xix European Union xix United States xix Miscellaneous xix Foreword Preface Abbreviations Introduction A Do you Believe in International Law? 1 The Quest for the Status Quo 2 Methodology as Added Value Pending Added Value 4 Immediate Goals The Factual The Abstract 11 B What if I Told You 12 External Perspectives 12 xi xiii xvii xxi xxii xxv viii Contents The International College of Legal Illusionists 13 The “Is” and the “Ought” 15 C Customary International Law and “Customary International Law” 19 Formation 19 Two “Is” 20 Ensuring Effectivity 22 The Downward Spiral 22 State Interest 24 Reciprocity 26 Moral Concepts 30 D Case Studies 30 Human Rights 31 Use of Force 41 E Catch, Before the Fall 44 Controversy and Apology 44 “Legality” and “Morality” 46 “Dogmatik”, not “Pedantic’ 47 Non-Treaty Sources A On the “Sources” of International Law 49 Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice 52 Acceptance and Reception in the Literature 53 Two or Three “Main” Sources? 54 B Customary International Law 57 Law of a Primitive Society 57 Theories on Custom 59 State Practice 61 Opinio Iuris 70 Paradoxes of the Two-Element Theory 89 Schrödinger’s Custom 91 The Man on the Clapham Omnibus 93 Practice of the International Court of Justice 94 “Modern” Approaches to the Formation of Custom 101 10 Assessment 103 C General Principles of Law 104 Terminology 105 Identification 107 Excursus: “Civilized Nations” 111 Assessment 112 49 Contents ix Morality and State Interest A Defining Morality and Legality 114 Morality 114 Legality 115 Two Planes 116 Moral Concepts 118 B State Interest 121 States 121 Interest 123 Interests of States 124 Assessment 132 114 Doctrine and Indeterminacy A Human Rights as Non-Treaty Law: Doctrine 134 Prelude: Human Rights and the United Nations 134 Human Rights as Customary International Law 136 Human Rights as General Principles of Law 157 Preliminary Conclusion 161 B Humanitarian Use of Force: Indeterminacy 162 Prohibition of the Threat or Use of Force 162 Non-intervention 168 Changing the Rules of Force 169 Humanitarian Intervention Theory 174 The “Responsibility to Protect” 183 Preliminary Conclusion 189 134 Conclusion 192 Bibliography A Books 194 B Articles and Chapters Within Books 200 C Other 221 194 Index 223 212 Bibliography Lepard, Brian D., ‘International Law and Human Rights’, in Thomas Cushman (ed.), Handbook of Human Rights (Oxon: Routledge, 2012) 583–597 Lillich, Richard B., ‘Forcible Self-Help Under International Law’, 62 International Law Studies Series US Naval War College (1980) 129–138 Lillich, Richard B., ‘The Growing Importance of Customary International Human Rights Law’, 25/1 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law (1995–1996) 1–30 Lobo de Souza, I.M., ‘The Role of State Consent in the Customary Process’, 44 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1995) 521–539 Luck, Edward C., ‘The Responsibility to Protect: Growing Pains or Early Promise?’, 24/4 Ethics and International Affairs (2010) 349–365 Macdonald, Ronald St., ‘The Charter of the United Nations as a World Constitution’, in Michael N Schmitt (ed.), International Law Across the Spectrum of Conflict: Essays in Honour of Professor L.C Green on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday (International Law Studies, Vol 75; 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as a standard of obligation 18–19; as Grundnorm 58; as primitive law 57–59; empiricism 20, 24, 61, 94, 103, 161; formation 19–20, 91–93; historical appraisal 84–86; human rights as 31–41, 136–153; instant custom 69; International Court of Justice 55–57, 94–101, 155; International Law Commission 19–20, 54, 60, 64, 70, 77–79, 99; international relations 66, 89, 91–93, 102–104; moral concepts 30; opinio iuris, acts constituting 72–74; opinio iuris, as a quasi-consensual element 89; opinio iuris, as an element of custom 70–77; opinio iuris, through General Assembly Resolutions 77–81; persistent objector theory 86–88; rational choice theory 20; scholarship 17–22, 59–60, 92–93, 99–103, 155–157; state practice, acts constituting 62–64; state practice, as an element of custom 61–70; state practice, indeterminacy of 8–9, 42–44, 175–183, 189–190; state practice, international organizations 70; state practice, number of states 64–66; state practice, quality of 67–68; state practice, time 68–70; through treaties 74–77, 115, 137, 154; two-element theory 60; voluntarism 20, 81–88 D’Amato, Anthony 4, 82, 91, 95 D’Aspremont, Jean 47, 53, 131 Index 223 De Gaulle, Charles 121 De Vattel, Emer 83, 131–132 De Visscher, Charles 17, 66 democracy 124–127 democratic intervention: see use of force Descamps, Baron Édouard 107, 111–112 Dinstein, Yoram 149–150 diplomatic protection 32, 175 diplomatic protocol 62 discourse 8–12, 41–42; on the use of force 42–43 diurnitas / diuturnitas : see customary international law: state practice, as an element of custom Dixon, Martin 62, 99, 111, 132, 181–182 doctrine: see scholarship Dogmatik 2–3, 47 Donnelly, Jack 127 droits-de-l’hommisme: see human rights effectivity 6, 22 empiricism: see customary international law epistemic community: see scholarship European Court of Human Rights 46, 120–121, 149 Falk, Richard 95 Fidler, David 102 Franck, Thomas 181 Frankel, Joseph 121 Fukuyama, Francis 41 General Assembly: see United Nations general principles of law: as a subsidiary source 54–56; as natural law 111, 158–160; civilized nations 111–112; controversy over nature of 107–109; definition 104–107; general principles of international law 106–107; hierarchy 54–57; human rights as 19, 157–158; identification, through comparative law methods 109–111, 113, 157–158; International Court of Justice 105–106, 112 Gộny, Franỗois 71 Glasperlenspiel 38 Goldsmith, Jack 25 Goldstone Report 179, 183–184 Gray, Christine 164 Gray, John Chipman 15 Grotian moments 69, 178 Grotius, Hugo 83, 117 Grundnorm 58 Guggenheim, Paul 71 Hafner, Gerhard 124–125, 132 Halevy, Efraim 128–129 Hammarskjöld, Dag 173 Hart, H.L.A 51 Hathaway, James 138 Heintze, Hans-Joachim 151 Henkin, Louis 24, 157–158, 160 Higgins, Rosalyn 150 Hilpold, Peter 162 Hobbes, Thomas 124–125 human rights: as altruistic norms 30, 33, 119–120; as an independent discipline 35; cultural relativism 34, 115; customary international law 31–41, 136–155; first generation 120; general principles of law 157–160; human rightism 36, 38–39, 46, 119, 141–142, 145, 148; International Court of Justice 135, 147; International Law Commission 156; natural law 119; nature of 31–32; scholarship 32, 34–35, 134–153; treaties 30, 36–37, 156; United Nations 134–136 humanitarian intervention 174–183 humanitarian law 32, 119, 145, 184 Humphrey, John Peters 35, 151–152 indeterminacy 8–9, 42–44, 175–183, 189–190 individuals 32–33, 132 Inter-American Court of Human Rights 46 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty 185 International Court of Justice 6, 55–57, 94–101, 105, 112, 135, 147, 155 international criminal law 169, 184, 186 international organizations 70; see also United Nations international relations 1–4, 7, 12, 22, 115, 132; see also customary international law; see also state interest interpretive community 30 invisible college of international lawyers 15, 20–21 ius cogens 6, 19, 130, 170–172 Jennings, Robert 20, 62, 111 Joseph, Sarah 151–152 224 Index Kant, Immanuel 34, 116, 130–131 Kelly, Sir Fitzroy 85 Kelsen, Hans 46–47, 58, 71, 117, 167 Kennedy, David 117 Kissinger, Henry 121 Kontorovich, Eugene 30 Koskenniemi, Martti 54, 74, 84, 102, 105, 131–132, 184; on Meron 140–141 Kosovo 43, 177–183 Kurlantzick, Joshua 126 lex simulata Libya 43, 187 Lillich, Richard 150 MacGibbon, Iain 79–80 mainstream 8, 140–141 Marks, Susan 126 Matheson, Michael 178 McDougal, Myres 35–36, 77, 183 McNair, Baron Arnold 160 Mendelson, Maurice 74, 79, 93–95 Meron, Theodor 97, 140–148, 157 meta-effects 38–40 methodology 4, 38–39, 47–48, 136, 140–148 Mill, John Stuart 175 millennialism 127 Moore’s law 39 moral concepts 30–31, 44–47, 117–121, 132–133 morality: definition 114–115; separation between law and 3–4, 116–118 Murphy, Sean 176, 178–179 NATO 177–180 natural law 84–85, 99, 105, 111, 119, 180; International Court of Justice 98–99 negligence, economic theory of 24–25 non liquet 104 non-intervention 168–169 non-state actors 11, 17, 128; see also individuals; see also use of force non-treaty law 1, 49 Nowak, Manfred 148–150 O’Boyle, Michael 149 Obama, Barack 187 Occam’s razor 9, 94 Onuf, Nicholas 19, 124 Operation Allied Force 177–183 Operation Unified Protector 187 Oppenheim, Lassa 3, 32 out-moded law 2, Paulus, Andreas 94, 158 Pellet, Alain 36, 73, 82, 90, 99, 119, 159 Phillimore, Lord Walter 107, 109 Plato Posner, Eric 25 primacy: see United Nations principles: see general principles of law private practice 13 Puchta, Georg Friedrich 58, 69, 84 Raz, Joseph 42, 120–121, 132 Realpolitik 128 Rechtsdogmatik: see Dogmatik reciprocity 26–29, 32, 119–121, 131, 161 regime change 187, 189 Rehman, Javaid 151–152 Reinisch, August 167 Reisman, W Michael responsibility to protect 41–44, 183–190 Restatement of the Law (Third) 138–143, 148, 152 rhetoric 1, 8–12, 18, 31–36, 139–140, 156, 182, 189 Roberts, Anthea 29, 101 Roosevelt, Franklin D 26 Root, Elihu 107, 109 Rubin, Alfred 100–101; on Meron 140–142 Ruiz Fabri, Hélène 169 rule of law 3–6, 181; human rights 39; use of force 179–180 Russell, Sir Charles 84–85 Schachter, Oscar 79, 108, 139–140, 159, 164 Scharf, Michael 69, 99, 178 Schill, Stephan 77 Schmitt, Carl 37, 124 scholarship 1, 4–8, 13–18, 45, 131–153, 187–188; accountability 38; dual role 10, 38, 79; epistemic community 13–15, 30, 44–45, 118; normative turn 14–15; see also customary international law; see also human rights Schrödinger, Erwin 91–93 Schwebel, Stephen 78–79 self-defence: see use of force self-referentiality 138, 142, 148–153, 161 Shavell, Steven 115–116 Shaw, Malcolm 45, 58, 63, 66, 73, 82, 132 Index 225 Simma, Bruno 7, 94, 101, 150, 157–160, 179 “Small Five” initiative 130–131 soft law 30–31, 107, 152 Sohn, Louis 101, 134–135, 151–152 Somek, Alexander 18, 24, 130 Somoza DeBayle, Anastasio 26 Sørenson, Max 88–89, 104 sources of international law 49–57; as manifestations of a rule 50–51; as enshrined in Article 38 ICJ Statute 52–53; hierarchy 54–55 sovereignty 68, 83–84, 120–121, 124–125, 184; see also responsibility to protect; see also non-intervention Soviet international law doctrine 81–82, 89, 106 stability 126 stakeholders 11, 121 state interest 24–26, 121–133; and individuals 128–129; and community interest 129–131; definition 123–124; democracy as 125–127; determinative of state practice 161 state responsibility: Articles on State Responsibility 17, 122 state: as a subject of international law 121–122 Steinberg, Richard 132 Suárez, Francisco 117 supranationalism 130 supremacy clause: see United Nations Talmon, Stefan 59, 96–97 Tanaka, Ko-taro- 79, 111, 158–159 Tesón, Fernando 45 Thirlway, Hugh 31 Tiller, Emerson Tomuschat, Christian 88, 150 torture: as customary international law 24, 153–155 treaties: in relation to custom 74–77, 115, 137, 153–154; interpretation 5; ratification 5, 30–31; reservations 5, 30–31, 36–37, 153–154; subsequent practice 5; tacit agreements 82, 84, 88, 103 Trindade, Augusto 160 Tunkin, Grigory 81 unilateral declarations 80 United Nations 14, 111, 129, 173; General Assembly 62–63, 77–81, 185, 187; human rights 134–136; primacy 170–172; reform 130–131, 169–174; Secretary-General 173, 188; Security Council 77–78, 98, 166–167, 173–174, 187–188; supremacy clause 170–172 use of force 162–165; collective security 166–167; democratic intervention 189–190; International Law Commission 163; non-state actors 97–98, 164; self-defence 97–98, 165–166 usus: see customary international law: state practice, as an element of custom Van Rompuy, Herman 187 Verdross, Alfred 111 Vertrauensschutz voluntarism: see customary international law Waldock, Sir Humphrey 73 Walzer, Michael 129–130, 177 Watts, Arthur 62 Weisburd, Arthur 156 Weiss, André 83 Williams, Paul 178 Winter, Jay 181 Wolff, Christian 130 Wolfke, Karol 83 Zemanek, Karl 8, 96, 155–156, 189 This page intentionally left blank ... G Staubach State Interest and the Sources of International Law Doctrine, Morality, and Non-Treaty Law Markus P Beham Demilitarization and International Law in Context The Åland Islands Sia Spiliopoulou... Through Law The Use of Law to Support the Effective Establishment of an African Economic Community Jonathan Bashi Rudahindwa State Interest and the Sources of International Law Doctrine, Morality, and. .. Non-Treaty Sources A On the ? ?Sources? ?? of International Law 49 Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice 52 Acceptance and Reception in the Literature 53 Two or Three “Main” Sources?