the electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells

... xv The Path to the First Solid Electrolyte Gas Cells From Solid Electrolyte Gas Cells to Solid Oxide Fuel Cells First Detailed Investigations of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Progressin the 1960s On the ... (Fe304)as the cathode Hydrogen or carbon monoxide was the fuel on the inside of the tube and air was the oxidant on the outside Eight cells were connected in series to make the first SOFC stack They ... part of the conductivity of the electrolyte is of electronic nature [34] Therefore the efforts for purification and especially for separation of the polyvalent praseodymium cations from the solid...

Ngày tải lên: 18/04/2014, 12:25

... analysis of the PVDF-SPS composite membrane The TG analysis curve is presented in Figure for the investigation of the thermal stability of the PVDF membrane, PVDF-PS membrane, and the PVDF-SPS ... the inner part of the membranes As shown in Figure 4e, many big aggregates appear in the middle part of the PVDF-PS membrane The hydrophobic property of PS polymer promoted the formation of these ... decomposes The swelling is due to the degradation of the cross-linking structure of the membrane in the H2O2 solution [33] The decomposition rate is larger than the swelling effect after 60 h The result...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:11

... 2007) Nafion®, the ubiquitous PEM for the hydrogen fuel cells, is unsuitable for the DMFCs because of a high methanol permeability The fabrication of MEAs can also be a challenge for the DMFCs Currently ... initiated at the same time, leading either to simultaneous or sequential formation of the SIPN structure (Kim, Y S et al 1999) Therefore, the mechanisms of formation of the network polymer and the linear ... situ synthesis and impregnation synthesis (Figure 2.9) In the former all of the reactants are mixed in one-pot before the polymerization or cross-linking reaction For impregnation synthesis a...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:14

... to the modeled fuel cell and is not necessarily the same for other fuel cells However, the method and the tendencies of the results presented are more general Based on this model, the role that ... Because the model applies for a specific fuel cell, the results are based on given fuel cell features like geometry Therefore, the critical operating current presented here refers of course to the ... density: the higher the current, the more water has to be removed from the cell As long as the vapor pressure is below the saturation pressure, water is present in the gaseous phase only On the other...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58

... within both the porous media and the free space regions of the burner Furthermore, the fluid and solid properties depend on the temperature and concentration of the gas mixture and therefore result ... using the INER SOFC system Simulations are then performed to investigate the effects of the hydrogen content and the geometry of the porous media burner on the temperature distribution within the ... was used as the fuel, the present simulations consider the fuel (and the anode-off gas) to be hydrogen To the best of the current authors’ knowledge, no generally accepted model exists for turbulent...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 15:28

... the fuel exiting the SOFC and uses this energy to minimize the load imposed on the input side of the SOFC by providing the energy required to reform the input fuel (methane) In other words, the ... 3.3 Reformer In general, natural gas can be reformed to a hydrogen-rich gas by either steam reforming or partialoxidation reforming In the INER SOFC system, the reforming process is performed ... section, the residual (unreacted) fuel in the anode offgas was recuperated via combustion in the afterburner, and the resulting heat was supplied to the reformer During the experiments, the gas...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:10

... have to learn the safe practices for their computers, their business networks, and the Internet The security basics of “what to do” and “what not to do” become the front-line defense for most businesses ... sales, and efficiency These intangibles have been the driving force to make the technology revolution the most important revolution during the existence of man Along with the social and economic ... should it be treated that way The technologies and topics introduced throughout the course are the absolute foundations for all of the other disciplines mentioned above The beauty of this certification...

Ngày tải lên: 21/12/2013, 06:18

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 12:20

Ngày tải lên: 14/11/2014, 08:37

... Daud, 2006) 11 The general design of most fuel cells is similar except for the electrolyte The five major types of fuel cells as defined by their electrolyte are: alkaline fuel cells (AFCs), phosphoric ... cells (AFCs), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) Their main features and intended ... humidity because of the hydrophilicity of the sulfonate groups attached to the polymer backbone and the need for water to hydrate the ionic clusters Nafion® is therefore unsuitable for fuel cell operating...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 13:50

... via anaerobic digestion, and then conditions it for use in two FuelCell Energy 300-kW fuel cells The fuel cells provide 100% ultra-clean, 24/7, baseload power for the processing facility  Project ... following the two demonstrations, Nissan moved forward with the use of fuel cells, leasing 60 fuel cell units from Oorja to retrofit onto their tugs “We love them [Plug Power fuel cell lift trucks] The ... installed around the world, for primary or backup power, for decades now There are many other companies in the United States and worldwide using fuel cells that we didn‘t profile Outside of the business...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 19:20

... of the pancreas and the mass with preserving the rim of the head and tail portion can be achieved However, for the patient in whom the mass was located within the head of the pancreas, given the ... attempted for three SPT patients in whom the mass was located in the portion of body or tail of the pancreas For tumors of SPT located in the neck and body of the pancreas, resection of the midportion ... routinely performed to rule out pancreatic malignancy Otherwise, for the patients with pancreatic malignancies, a radical surgery should be the reasonable option for curative therapy Aside from the distal...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2012, 11:40

... in the porous wall of the burner create nonuniformities in the performance of the burner The Electrodes and Electrolyte in the Fuel Cell A fuel cell works through the principle of separating the ... usually fed to the cell The exhaust from the cell is therefore supplied to a catalytic burner and the heat produced in the combustion process is subsequently used in the fuel processor The advantage ... study the design of the bipolar plates and their influence on the ohmic losses in the fuel cell stack All of the models shown in the figures throughout the paper have been produced by the finite...

Ngày tải lên: 19/10/2013, 09:15

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 16:20

... field, allowing for the characterization of the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of the proteins [62,63] It is an excellent method for characterizing the multiprotein complexes formed in a ... [39–41] Together, these data suggested that the ability of phosphorylated LAT to form signaling complexes was crucial for the differentiation and function of multiple immune cell types The studies ... the maturation of B cells and the activation of mast cells by the FceR1 receptor These investigations have given unique insight into the functional consequences of complex formation at LAT that...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:21

... Statistics The growth of the knowledge workforce heralds the potential for far greater opportunities for today’s workers, companies and the economy The resulting demand for an educated workforce, ... important for the U.S worker, is the fact that globalization has enabled economic specialization like never before For the workers of developed nations, this has further heightened the need for continuous ... be far removed or difficult for them to get to from either their home or workplace Therefore, it economizes on their time It adds greatly to their flexibility – when they can acquire this knowledge...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 20:20

... for low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells, but other fuel cells may well utilize it as a fuel (see Section 2.3.2) The same applies for methane in certain fuel cells Therefore, the ... processor /fuel cell system is commonly defined as the ratio of the electrical fuel cell stack power output PFuel cell to the LHV of the fuel: hsystem ¼ PFuel cell LHV Fuel nFuel ð2:13Þ Some basic thermodynamic ... fed to the cathode ð2:24Þ 2.3 The Various Types of Fuel Cells and the Requirements of the Fuel Processor For the anode, however, it is not typically the stoichiometric ratio but rather the amount...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 11:39

... [cis-diisothiocyanato-bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II) bis(tetrabutylammonium)] (N719 dye, Solaronix, Aubonne, Switzerland) for 24 h The active area of the photoelectrode was 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 On the other hand, the counter electrode ... surface of the TiO2 film, or the TiO2 film was studded with the ZrO2 nanofiber The TiO2 film's surface area was increased, and the dye adsorption contents became larger by the addition of the ZrO2 ... agreement with the results of the FESEM image Figure shows the UV-Vis absorption spectra of the dye-adsorbed TiO2 film and the 3, 5, and wt.% ZrO2 nanofiber-doped TiO2 films From the results, the absorption...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... which may be scaled up for industrial applications The methodology may provide a one-step, fast, non-toxic, and mass production route for the synthesis of other functional oxide materials Experimental ... Results and Discussions For the micro-structural analysis, the as-synthesized samples were directly transferred to the FESEM chamber without disturbing the original nature of the products Figure ... reacts with metal to give oxides as shown in the above reaction The Ni reacts with oxygen and forms nuclei, which further serve as seeds for NiO nanostructures growth The growth of nanostructures...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 01:20

... electroformation, the plates were dried in the air for 3–5 days until the moisture in the paste was - wt.% The current density was controlled at mA cmy2 and the formation capacity had a theoretical ... applications Additives to the positive electrode were used to increase the capacity In the VRLA cells, the utilization of active materials remained very low Žabout 30% at the C rate for the positive plate, ... a-PbO and b-PbO crystal size in the formed plates Fig shows the XRD patterns for the samples Fig XRD patterns for samples from group B cells ŽI Cured plates ŽII Formed plates J.-S Chen r Journal...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20