the current account balance is given by

... see [11,12]). At the renal epithelium, small peptides are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate into the cells by the subtypes PEPT1 and PEPT2. PEPT2 is also expressed in other tissues, such as ... as the difference in the currents measured in the presence and absence of substrate. Acknowledgements This study was supported by Deutsche Forschungs- gemeinschaft grant BR 2430 ⁄ 2-1 and by the ... at the intestinal epithelium. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether anserine is a substrate of the H + ⁄ peptide cotransporters 1 and 2 (PEPT1 and PEPT2). We first assessed the...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 09:20

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 04:21

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20

... K m values is exclu- sively displayed by the tetramer forms, and low- efficiency kinetics with high K m values is displayed by the dimer forms. These observations strengthen the previous hypothesis that ... lgặmL )1 indicate that dissociation of the tetramer to the dimer is a slowly progressing process. This is supported by the kinetic behaviour of the recombinant enzyme as shown in Fig. 5D, where the enzyme ... kDa (see Table 1). Therefore, it can be concluded that the nature of the base is insignificant for the tetra- merization effect. The next goal was to determine the role played by the sugar and phosphate...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 12:20

... proteins within the cell. We found this translocation to be dependent on the final amino acids of the receptor protein. Similar to the other PDZ domain interactions that have been shown to be abolished by ... signal is impaired. We finally examined the effect of deletion of the components of the PDZ binding motif on the signal- ing properties of the receptor in Ca 2+ imaging experiments. Truncation of the ... summary, when the interaction between MUPP1 and OR2AG1 is inhibited by over-expressing the interacting PDZ domains, the resulting response of OR2AG1 to odorant is modified in that the rapid decay...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 13:20

... which is likely to pre- dispose to an irregular rejoining. Given high fluidity and self-organization, one speculation is that the struc- tural essence of the nuclear foci could be illustrated by the ... synapsis of the complexes promotes the juxtaposition between the opposing DNA ends, prior to their processing and ligation [44]. However, this scheme cannot fully explain the evidence for the in ... addition to the nuc- leosome component H2AX, the change in the phosphorylated state of histone H1 would regulate the aggregative nature of the array of nucleosomes. Concerning DNA-PKcs, the results...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 06:20

... fgl2 mRNA. The left side of the figure is the sequence ladder using the same primer and the pM166 clone as template. Arrow indicates the nucleotide that is matched to the band present in the primer extension ... sufficient for the basal expression of the fgl2 gene. This finding is consistent with the observation that fgl2 is constitutively expressed in cultured endothelial cells, as well as in the primary endothelial ... in some cells and tissues is known to play this role, such as in the CNS [9]. The biological importance of constitutive fgl2 expression is exemplified by the observation that the fgl2 –/– mouse...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 11:20

... or even two residues, but is most likely accomplished by the concerted effects of a combination of key residues. Further analysis of these and other mutant SODs is currently underway. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We ... Fenton reaction with the iron metal at the active site. The presence of iron is therefore a prerequisite for its effect and suggests that the absence of reactivity with the MnSOD mutants is due to the lack ... identified to distinguish between FeSOD and MnSOD [7]. The position of the glutamine residue, which is structurally equivalent in the enzymes, is contributed by the N domain of FeSODs (Q69) and the C...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 01:21

... egg extract. The mature eggs of m ost vertebrates stay at the m etaphase of the second meiotic division until they meet sperm. In that phase, the nuclear envelope is dispersed in the cytop lasm ... that the binding of the RS region to chromatin DNA is superior to the binding of the NM region to the chromatin p rotein because the binding mode of NK, which contains the NM and RS regions, is ... 4n M (data not shown). These results indicate that the increase in the affinity of NK to chromatin is an ATP-dependent reaction, and is caused by a kinase(s) in the c ytosol. Then, authentic p rotein...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 04:20

... the autophago- some. The machinery controlling formation of the autophagosome involves two ubiquitin-like conjuga- tion systems. The first is the conjugation of Atg12 to Atg5 [15]. The other is ... GFP–LC3-positive punctae. This result was surprising, as the upregulation of autophagy by starvation has been reported in vivo [19], in isolated primary cells [33], and in other cell lines [52] [14,20]. This discrepancy ... in HeLa cells is bound to Vps34. These diverging reports raise the possibility that rheostatic control of autophagy by Beclin 1–Bcl)2inter- action is not a universal mechanism. F urther experiments are...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 09:20

... while the fragments amplified by the Fig. 4. The transcription of a-F1-ATPase is controlled by a cassette containing the GAGA and Adf-1 elements. (A) Sequence of the )146/+94 (relative to the main ... as established in this study. The relative promoter activities of the constructs measured in the luciferase assay are indicated on the right by black boxes. The luciferase activity of the vector ... elements critical for the activation of the a-F1-ATPase promoter. Computer analysis revealed the presence of two DNA sequence motifs in this region potentially recognized by the GAGA factor (GAF) and the alcohol...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 16:20

... recruitment, due to the absence of the NTD. This might be overcome by the overexpression of cofactors. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the effects of two AR cofactors known to interact with the AR LBD. ... observed. The important role of the NTD, which is absent in AR45, has been documented by several studies [40–42]. The hormone-dependent interaction between this region and the LBD of the AR is essen- tial ... primer specic for the extreme 5Â region was then used together with a primer recognizing the 3Â end of the AR coding part to amplify the complete coding region of this novel AR form. The deduced amino...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 16:20

... mutagenesis of the N-terminus of the V 1a R; this revealed that a single residue (Arg46) located in the distal segment of this domain is critical for high affinity agonist binding but not antag- onist ... than the wildtype V 1a R but once the agonist bound, the receptor was more likely to signal. This dual role suggests that binding of the agonist releases the Arg46-mediated constraint on the ground ... rescued by a chimeric construct in which the N-terminus of the OTR is replaced with the corresponding sequence of the V 1a R [10]. The role of the N-terminus has been addressed recently by alanine-scanning...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 21:20