the balance of payments constraint

... attention to stable balance of payments situations. The main aim of this paper is to examine the monetary approach to the balance of payments (MABP), which argues that the balance of payments is a ... outflow. The balance of payments in equilibrium when the sum of reserve inflow and outflow is zero. The deficit/surplus of balance of payments is, therefore, self-correcting provided that the monetary ... in the balance of payments. A specific objective is to determine whether excess money supply has played a significant role in the disequilibrium of balance of payments in Pakistan. The core of...

Ngày tải lên: 13/07/2014, 21:13

... 1975. THE EFFECTS OF DEVALUATION 61 1 The pattern of the I-esiduals for the trade balance contrasts sharply with the pattern for the balance of payments. The average balance of payments ... the balance of payments. The contrasting pattern of response to devaluation for the trade balance and the balance of payments is also apparent within the individual countries. In five of the ... of the first lag term indicates an improvement in the balance of payments in the year following de- valuation. The negative sign of the second lag, however, indicates that the balance of payments...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 15:28

Ngày tải lên: 28/07/2014, 21:07

Ngày tải lên: 23/08/2014, 14:15

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 12:20

... regarding the use of share repurchases as an earnings management mechanism in the presence of debt-financing constraints as well as the impact of these constraints on the use of accruals and other ... at the beginning of the year. ΔS t isthechangeinsalesfromperiodt − 1 to period t. PPE t is the gross property, plant , and equ ipme nt at t he en d of the y ear. PROD t is the sum of costs of ... and LOGANALYST t as the logarithmic tra nsformation of the numbe r of analysts covering the firm before the earnings release date. As shown in panel A of Table 6, we find that the mean values for both of these...

Ngày tải lên: 12/06/2014, 19:36

... center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence ... to track their compliance time using the activity categories in each area (and “other”). Based on the consistency and detail of most users’ input and on the content of the comments they provided, ... to contact the participant directly, or enlisted the assistance of the program manager or designate to determine whether the participant was still eligible for the study and whether the individual...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 20:20

... effort working on the Core/Source of Repair Analysis section of the ASR. Even though these two programs had the highest level of effort in these cate- gories, the overall level of effort was relatively ... enrolled in the study. e tables in Appendix A show the number of partic- ipants in each program for each period over the course of the study. During the course of data collection, a total of 316 ... to contact the participant directly, or enlisted the assistance of the program manager or designate to determine whether the participant was still eligible for the study and whether the individual...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 02:20

... Delta is one of the great and fertile plains of Southeast Asian; is the food production and export area of the most important in the country. In the future, when the possibility of reclaimed ... Analysis the changes of elements in the model In the original script of the model using actual values of the elements obtained from the secondary resources from the provinces and the primary data ... and other projects. With the speed of the current land acquisition, in 2020 paddy land in the country is only 3.4 million ha, while in the long term the risk of reducing rice land in the Mekong...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 01:21

... arguments are realized as they are reached. The result of these operations and the traversal up to the subject of the adjunct is shown in Figure Six. Note that the text of the main clause has been ... realize the gap(s). Of descriptive analyses, those couched in terms of thematic roles seem best suited for the generation of PC, since they allow a single description of the antecedent of the ... of the matrix verb are still accessible from within the adjunct and are annotated with their thematic roles): . . Gap the first argument in the PC which is an occurrence of the matrix Theme....

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 02:20

... 4) SCOPE OF THE DIRECTIVE Currently the rules apply where the PSPs of both the payer and the payee are located in the EU/EEA and where the transaction is in euro or in the currency of a non-euro ... execution of the payment service concerned. 10.2 BP It is desirable that PSPs notify the customer of the eventual blocking of a payment transaction, under the terms of the contract, and that the ... presents a set of recommendations to improve the security of internet payments. These recommendations were developed by the European Forum on the Security of Retail Payments, SecuRe Pay (the “Forum”)....

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 20:20

... subject was to alway s declare the pitch of the word while ignor- ing the word itself. Congruent (where the pitch matches the word) and incongruent (where the pitch doesn’t match the word) conditions were ... stimulus was pre- sented at the beginning of the analyzed motion data of one complete stride. Subjects were informed about the impending task at the beginning of each block of trials. 2.3 Experimental ... prioritiza- tion of a balance control in a dual task situation [7]. This “posture first hypothesis” indicates that indivi duals would prioritize control of balance before another safer task [26]. The fact...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

... inves- tigating the effect of STN stimulation. In the present study, the patients rated their fear of falling as less severe with the STN stimulation turned ON which supports the improve- ments found in the ... standing barefoot with the feet placed on a line in front of each other, toes touching the heel of the other foot. The test is performed on preferred foot (placed as the rearmost) with straight ... subjective ratings of fear of falling and laboratory assessments that investigate reflex- ive movements. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of STN stimulation alone on balance performance...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

... to maintain balance was observed in older adults. The ability to anticipate the physical constraints of the environment and adapt the balance behaviour accordingly is the result of intricate sensorimotor ... train balance control [19,20] and in vestibular rehabilitation [21]. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of aging and repeated exposures on the capability of the CNS ... segmental reflexes organized at the level of the spinal cord, but rather depend on the integration of proprioceptive, visual and vestibular information at many levels of the neuraxis [5-7]. Head-based...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... productivity problems. There was an increased awareness of the necessity for soil-specific management based on the inherent constraints identified for the soil. It was clearly the desire of the extensionists ... 5 The pre- and post-course questionnaires identified some major changes in the perceptions of extensionists as a result of the course. In particular, a better understanding of the effects of ... The pre- and post-course questionnaires indicated some major shifts in the perceptions of extensionists as a result of the workshops. In particular there was enhanced understanding of the...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 04:20

... participants planned to take when they returned from the course. Pre-course survey Sandy soil is one of the major cropping soil groups of Tay Ninh province. The structure of soil is weak and loose. ... recognised the importance of applying organic amendments and retaining crop residues as a means of improving productivity. Post-course survey According to the post-course survey, the awareness of ... productivity in their villages. The post-course questionnaire was designed to measure any changed perceptions of major soil constraints and to determine what follow-up actions the participants...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 04:20

... traditional FS, and government or a combo thereof. 11 MONEY FUTURE OF 9 MOBILE PAYMENTS? 25 Mobile Payments and the Digitization of Money will Change Everything…Or will it? ... what’s the real story here? 3 MOBILE PAYMENTS? 19 5. The arrival of mobile payments will enable a new generation of real-time, insight driven, shopping and financial tools. End of ... & use it, and the end of physical currency as we know it. 8 The probability is high that mobile devices become the single most important customer contact point for both the Retail and...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 17:20

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 00:22

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:22

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 04:20