... economic and social benefits, lessening both the International Digital Divide andthe Domestic Digital Divide.The 13th chapter is Digital Technologies and the Cross-Border Expansion of SouthAfrican ... otherproducts (digital or physical) to avoid some of the problems inherent in the pricing of digital products alone. Another pricing strategy is to create an artificial distinctionwithin a subset of digital ... the introduction of the Internet into the marketing chan-nel as from the products’ very nature as digital products. This chapter examines thenature of digital products, their pricing issues,...
... người bán gọi là Marketing Marketing của người bán gọi là Marketing bánbán Marketing của người mua gọi là Marketing của người mua gọi là Marketing mua Marketing mua Marketing được thực ... nhân viên Marketing Chương 1 MARKETING CĂN BẢNQuản trị Marketing QT sản xuất QT tài chính QT nhân sựVị trí và vai trò của Quản trị Marketing Vị trí và vai trò của Quản trị Marketing ... Chương 1 MARKETING CĂN BẢN Marketing là gì? Marketing = Market + ing Thuật ngữ Marketing hàm chứa những biện pháp năng động nhắm đến việc tác động vào một thị trường nào đó. Chương 1MARKETING...
... 1992.c1999 by CRC Press LLCOppenheim, A.V. & Cuomo, K.M. “Chaotic Signals and Signal Processing” Digital Signal Processing HandbookEd. Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas B. WilliamsBoca Raton: CRC...
... 1996.[14] Pendergrass, N.A., Mitra, S.K. and Jury, E.I., Spectral transformations for two-dimensional digital filters,IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems,CAS-23(1), 26–35, Jan. 1976.[15] Wang, H....
... of a wireless digital communication system.69.4 MMSE Beamformer for Mobile CommunicationsIn this section, we discuss the implementation of the MMSE beamformer in the context of a digital wireless ... Barroso, V.A.M. & Moura, J.M.F. “Beamforming with Correlated Arrivals in Mobile Communications” Digital Signal Processing HandbookEd. Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas B. WilliamsBoca Raton: CRC ... we describe a method to implement theminimum mean square error beamformer in the context of a digital mobile communications system.The method operates in a blind mode and strongly exploits...
... Blind equalization of digital communication channels usinghigher order moments,IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech, Signal Processing,SP-39(2), 522–526,Feb. 1991.[34] Proakis, J.G., Digital Communications,McGraw-Hill, ... co-channel digital signals usingantenna arrays with applications to PCS, inProc. ICC’94,700–794, 1994.[43] Talwar, S., Viberg, M. and Paulraj, A., Blind separation of synchronous co-channel digital signals ... algorithms.c1999 by CRC Press LLCFinite Alphabet (FA) MethodThis approach exploits the FA property of the digitally modulated signals. Assuming no delayspread and perfect multi-user symbol synchronization,...
... , M− 1.c1999 by CRC Press LLCWilliams, D.B. “Detection: Determining the Number of Sources” Digital Signal Processing HandbookEd. Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas B. WilliamsBoca Raton: CRC...
... 1995.[35] Reddy, V.U., Mathew, G. and Paulraj, A., Some algorithms for eigensubspaceestimation, Digital Signal Processing,5, 97–115, 1995.[36] Regalia, P.A. and Loubaton, P., Rational subspaceestimation...
... See[1,AppendixG].Inourcase,CRB(θ1,θ2,θ3)isthe3×3upperleftblockentryoftheCRBmatrixinthesensorframegivenin[1,AppendixF].SubstitutingthisblockentryintoEq.(65.37)anddenotingtheCVAEmatrixboundfortheSSTproblembyCVAESCR,wehavethatthismatrixisdiagonalwithnonzeroentriesgivenbyCVAESCR1,1=(1+)22cos22θ4(65.40a)CVAESCR2,2=(1+)(σ2E+σ2H)22[σ2Hsin2θ4+σ2Ecos2θ4](65.40b)CVAESCR3,3=(1+)(σ2E+σ2H)22[σ2Esin2θ4+σ2Hcos2θ4](65.40c)SomeobservationsonEqs.(65.40)aresummarizedinthefollowing:•Rotationaroundu:Singularonlyforacircularlypolarizedsignal.•Rotationaroundv1(electricellipse’smajoraxis):Singularonlyforalinearlypolarizedsignalandnomagneticmeasurement.•Rotationaroundv2(electricellipse’sminoraxis):Singularonlyforalinearlypolarizedsignalandnoelectricmeasurement.•Therotationvariancesaroundv1andv2aresymmetricwithrespecttotheelectricandmagneticmeasurements.•AllthethreevariancesinEq.(65.40)areboundedfrombelowby(1+)/22(inde-pendentofthewaveparameters).ThesingularcasesabovearefoundbycheckingwhentheirvariancesinCVAESCRtendtoinfinity(see,e.g.,[25,Theorem6.3]).Thethreesingularcasesaboveshouldbeexpectedasthecorrespondingrotationsareunobservable.ThesesingularitiesareintrinsictotheSSTestimationproblemandareindependentofthereferencecoordinatesystem.Thesymmetryofthevariancesoftherotationsaroundthemajorandminoraxesoftheellipsewithrespecttothemagneticandelectricmeasurementsshouldbeexpectedastheiraxeshaveaspatialangledifferenceofπ/2.c1999byCRCPressLLCNehorai, A. & Paldi, E. “Electromagnetic Vector-Sensor Array Processing” Digital Signal Processing HandbookEd. Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas B. WilliamsBoca Raton: CRC...
... a spatial frequency warping identical to the temporal frequency warping incurred indesigning a digital filter from an analog filter via the bilinear transformation. Consider =λ2so that µi=−2πλ...
... Pc1999 by CRC Press LLCGonen, E. & Mendel, J.M. “Subspace-Based Direction Finding Methods” Digital Signal Processing HandbookEd. Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas B. WilliamsBoca Raton: CRC ... in array signal process-ing,Signal Processing,25(2), 147–169, Nov. 1991.[18] Marple, S.L., Digital Spectral Analysis with Applications,Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,1987.[19] Mendel,...
... ,(23.13)W∞= limn→∞E{W(n)} .(23.14)c1999 by CRC Press LLCWilliamson, G.A. “Adaptive IIR Filters” Digital Signal Processing HandbookEd. Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas B. WilliamsBoca Raton: CRC...
... frequency realizationfor FIR adaptive digital filters,IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process.,Vol. ASSP-31(5),1073–1083, Oct. 1983.[2] Bellanger, M.G.,Adpative Digital Filters and Signal Analysis,Marcel ... 1992.[16] Marshall, D.F., Computationally efficient techniques for rapid convergence of adaptive digital filters, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 1988.[17] Narayan, ... LLCTransformDomainAdaptiveFilteringW.KennethJenkinsUniversityofIllinois,Urbana-ChampaignDanielF.MarshallMITLincolnLaboratory22.1LMSAdaptiveFilterTheory22.2OrthogonalizationandPowerNormalization22.3ConvergenceoftheTransformDomainAdaptiveFilter22.4DiscussionandExamples22.5Quasi-NewtonAdaptiveAlgorithmsAFastQuasi-NewtonAlgorithm•Examples22.6The2-DTransformDomainAdaptiveFilter22.7Block-BasedAdaptiveFiltersComparisonoftheConstrainedandUnconstrainedFre-quencyDomainBlock-LMSAdaptiveAlgorithms•ExamplesandDiscussionReferencesOneoftheearliestworksontransformdomainadaptivefilteringwaspublishedin1978byDentinoetal.[4],inwhichtheconceptofadaptivefilteringinthefrequencydomainwasproposed.Manypublicationshavesinceappearedthatfurtherdevelopthetheoryandexpandthecurrentunder-standingofperformancecharacteristicsforthisclassofadaptivefilters.InadditiontothediscreteFouriertransform(DFT),otherorthogonaltransformssuchasthediscretecosinetransform(DCT)andtheWalshHadamardtransform(WHT)canalsobeusedeffectivelyasameanstoimprovetheLMSalgorithmwithoutaddingtoomuchcomputationalcomplexity.Forthisreason,thegeneraltermtransformdomainadaptivefilteringisusedinthefollowingdiscussiontomeanthattheinputsignalispreprocessedbydecomposingtheinputvectorintoorthogonalcomponents,whichareinturnusedasinputstoaparallelbankofsimpleradaptivesubfilters.Withanorthogonaltransforma-tion,theadaptationtakesplaceinthetransformdomain,asitispossibletoshowthattheadjustableparametersareindeedrelatedtoanequivalentsetoftimedomainfiltercoefficientsbymeansofthesametransformationthatisusedfortherealtimeprocessing[5,14,17].AdirectformFIRdigitalfilterstructureisshowninFig.22.1.ThedirectformrequiresN−1delays,Nmultiplications,andN−1additionsforeachoutputsamplethatisproduced.Theamountofhardware(aswellaspower)requiredtoimplementthedirectformstructuredependsonthedegreeofhardwaremultiplexingthatcanbeutilizedwithinthespeeddemandsoftheapplication.AfullyparallelimplementationconsistingofNdelayregisters,Nmultipliers,andatreeoftwo-inputadderswouldbeneededforveryhigh-frequencyapplications.Attheoppositeendoftheperformancespec-trum,asequentialimplementationconsistingofalengthNdelaylineandasingletimemultiplexedmultiplierandaccumulationadderwouldprovidethecheapest(andslowest)implementation.Thisc1999byCRCPressLLCresults...