stochastic modeling of language

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 00:20

... y0 w2 h2" alt="" 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 precision number of iterations complete-data estimation incomplete-data estimation

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Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 16:07

... national language policy currently in place in Botswana, is that Setswana is the national language of the country (Republic of Botswana 1985:8). So, despite the existence of other local languages, ... parts of the world, education is for the most part the preserve of the few (elites). The choice of which language or dialect to use to teach (medium of instruction) reflects the interests of those ... second and even third languages are added to the learners’ repertoire of language systems whilst sustaining the primary language through the schooling process instead of subtractive bilingualism...

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2012, 16:27

... plot of water surface in 2D simulation of Exp-1 …………….95 Figure 6.35 Carpet plot of water surface in 2D simulation of Exp-2…………… 95 Figure 6.36 Carpet plot of water surface in 2D simulation of ... plot of water surface in 2D simulation of Exp-4…………… 96 Figure 6.38 Carpet plot of water surface in 2D simulation of Exp-5…………… 97 Figure 6.39 Carpet plot of water surface in 2D simulation of ... surface profile analysis of open channel flows over a circular surface. Journal of Applied Mechanics, JSCE, Vol. 8, pp 847-854, 2005. 5. Anh T. N. and Hosoda T.: Free surface profile analysis of flows...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2012, 10:35

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Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 12:15

... measure of goodness -of- fit. When the third item suggests that the model is an unlikely match to the data, then items (i) and (ii) are probably worthless. Unfortunately, many practitioners of parameter ... RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN 0-521-43108-5) Copyright (C) 1988-1992 by Cambridge University Press.Programs Copyright (C) 1988-1992 by Numerical Recipes Software. Permission ... based on? The answer to these questions takes us into the subject of maximum likelihood estimators. Given a particular data set of x i ’s and y i ’s, we have the intuitive feeling that some parameter...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 04:15

... distribution is often rather poorly realized, if it is realized at all. We are often taught, rather casually, that, on average, measurements will fall within ±σ of the true value 68 percent of the time, ... time, within ±2σ 95 percent of the time, and within ±3σ 99.7 percent of the time. Extending this, one would expect a measurement to be off by ±20σ only one time out of 2 × 10 88 .Weall know that ... that the standard deviations σ of these normal distributionsare the same for all points. Then the probability of the data set is the product of the probabilities of each point, P ∝ N  i=1  exp  − 1 2  y i −...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 04:15

... problem of fitting a set of N data points (x i ,y i )to a straight-line model y(x)=y(x;a, b)=a+bx (15.2.1) 666 Chapter 15. Modeling of Data Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC ... variance of the linear combination y i − a − bx i of two random variables x i and y i , Var( y i − a − bx i )=Var( y i )+b 2 Var( x i )=σ 2 yi +b 2 σ 2 xi ≡1/w i (15.3.3) The sum of the square of N ... 662 Chapter 15. Modeling of Data Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN 0-521-43108-5) Copyright (C) 1988-1992...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 04:15

... float *xx,*yy,*sx,*sy,*ww,aa,offs; float chixy(float bang) Captive function of fitexy , returns the value of (χ 2 − offs ) for the slope b=tan(bang) . Scaled data and offs are communicated via the ... variance of the linear combination y i − a − bx i of two random variables x i and y i , Var(y i − a − bx i )=Var(y i )+b 2 Var(x i )=σ 2 yi +b 2 σ 2 xi ≡1/w i (15.3.3) The sum of the square of N ... of varying b, successful numerical root-finding leads to a value of ∆a that minimizes χ 2 for the value of ∆b that gives ∆χ 2 =1.This(see Figure 15.3.1) directly gives the tangent projection of...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 04:15

... combinations of the columns of V, with coefficients obtained by forming dot products of the columns 672 Chapter 15. Modeling of Data Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC ... thestandard deviationsof themeasureddependentvariable. The measured values of the dependent variable do not enter the design matrix. Solution by Use of the Normal Equations The minimum of (15.4.3) occurs ... vector of length M. The equations (15.4.6) or (15.4.7) are called the normal equations of the least- squares problem. They can be solved for the vector of parameters a by the standard methods of...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 04:15

... and alamda de- creases by a factor of 10. If a step fails alamda grows by a factor of 10. You must call this 684 Chapter 15. Modeling of Data Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING ... even when they must be offered without proof. Figure 15.6.1 shows the conceptual scheme of an experiment that “measures” a set of parameters. There is some underlying true set of parameters a true that ... name of the game is to find some way of estimating or approximating the probability distributionof a (i) −a true without knowing a true and withouthaving available to us an infinite universe of hypothetical...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 04:15