invisible side of language

... national language policy currently in place in Botswana, is that Setswana is the national language of the country (Republic of Botswana 1985:8). So, despite the existence of other local languages, ... parts of the world, education is for the most part the preserve of the few (elites). The choice of which language or dialect to use to teach (medium of instruction) reflects the interests of those ... majority of people are left out. In an education system where English dominates the majority of learners get little benefit from schooling, either in terms of acquiring the necessary language proficiency...

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2012, 16:27

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2013, 01:26

Ngày tải lên: 19/08/2013, 23:10

... notion of the objective merits of a case.” Consider yourself, then, in the company of a third person—or, if you will, a pair of third people—eager to explore the objective merits of interesting ... there is nothing like the sheer power of numbers to scrub away layers of confusion and contradiction. So the aim of this book is to explore the hidden side of every- thing. This may occasionally ... tell the entire story of that theme: the history of salt; the fragility of democracy; the use and misuse of punctuation. This book has no such unifying theme. We did consider, for about six...

Ngày tải lên: 17/10/2013, 18:20

... 1: Meeting the Business Side of Google 05_571435 ch01.qxd 5/21/04 11:27 PM Page 17 Chapter 1 Meeting the Business Side of Google In This Chapter ᮣ Assessing the future of Google business services ᮣ Understanding ... fortunate timing. The typical rev- enue path of online media companies is lined on one side with advertising and on the other side with special services. Consider Yahoo!. While gaining a huge “eyeball ... AdWords ads appear on the right side (and sometimes at the top) of Google search pages. Advertisers pay for their ad only when a Google 18 Part I: Meeting the Other Side of Google 05_571435 ch01.qxd...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 08:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 10:03

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 10:12

... out of many types of accuracy work) has an important place in language teaching, not to teach language points but to raise their noticeability in the minds of the students. As a matter of note, ... approach, more an attitude of mind, based on the idea of an immersive bath of communication from which useful language focus then arises – if we simply set our students off in authentic communicative ... and successful language schools. 1960s – 1970s (USA): Audio-lingual method + Structuralist view of language A ‘scientificised’ version of the direct method; the new science of linguistics...

Ngày tải lên: 16/01/2014, 23:20

... mutants of Met95 at the haem distal side, which disclosed no effect on PDE activity [15]. Discussion The present study reveals an interesting aspect of the structural and functional relationships of ... 2004 Critical roles of Asp40 at the haem proximal side of haem-regulated phosphodiesterase from Escherichia coli in redox potential, auto-oxidation and catalytic control Miki Watanabe, Hirofumi Kurokawa, ... states of haem and ligand access channel. However, the catalytic activities of Met95 mutants were comparable to those of wild-type [14], implying no direct involvement in the catalytic control of...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 16:20

... of a variety of language models trained from text or speech corpora of vari- ous genres and sizes. The largest available language models are based on written text: we investigate the effect of ... transcripts of speech which contain disfluencies, we study the effect of language model and loss func- tion on the performance of a linear reranker that rescores the 25-best output of a noisy- channel ... held-out training data instead of test data. We used the held-out data to select the best-performing set of reranker features, which consisted of features for all of the language models plus the extended...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... and P2 reach a stable equilibrium at the end of language acquisition; that is, language learners are essentially bi-lingual speakers as a result of language contact. Kroch (1989) and his colleagues ... rela- tively late, child language consists of the output of more than one grammar. 3Although different theories of grammar, e.g. GB, HPSG, LFG, TAG, have different ways of instantiating this ... population of grammars Learning, including language acquisition, can be characterized as a sequence of states in which the learner moves from one state to another. Transfor- mational models of language...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 19:20

... system consists of acoustic models of speech sounds and of a statistical language model (LM). The LM learns the probabilities of word sequences from text corpora available for training. The perfor- mance of ... Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL, pages 157–165, Athens, Greece, 30 March – 3 April 2009. c 2009 Association for Computational Linguistics Web augmentation of language ... afford from the top of the list. However, the relevance of a query is dependent on the sequence of past queries (because of the decay factor). Find- ing the optimal order of the queries takes...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 28/02/2014, 20:18

... intersection of two matricible languages is again a matricible language. Proof. This is a direct consequence of the con- siderations in Section 6 together with the observa- tion, that the new set of acceptance ... (non-context-free) language {a m b m c m | m > 0}. The following properties of matrix grammars and matricible language are straightforward. Proposition 2 All languages characterized by a set of linear ... give a for- mal account of the concept of compositionality, introduce our model, and argue for the plausibil- ity of CMSMs in the light of structural and cogni- tive considerations. Section 4...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... according to a language model trained on I, of a text segment s drawn from N. Let H N (s) be the per-word cross-entropy of s according to a language model trained on a ran- dom sample of N. We partition ... Linguistics Intelligent Selection of Language Model Training Data Robert C. Moore William Lewis Microsoft Research Redmond, WA 98052, USA {bobmoore,wilewis}@microsoft.com Abstract We address the problem of selecting ... selecting a subset of the available data as language model training data. This not only pro- duces a language model better matched to the do- main of interest (as measured in terms of perplex- ity...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... parametric language systems. Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting on Mathematics of Language. Bertolo, S., Broihier, K., Gibson, E., and Wexler, K. (1997b) Cue-based learners in parametric language ... for investigators interested in computational models of natural language acquisition. 2 The Language Domain Database The focus of the language domain database, (hereafter LDD), is to make ... LDD without its derivation. 3.1 A Measure of Feasibility As a simple example of a learning strategy and of our simulation approach, consider a domain of 4 binary parameters and a memoryless...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 04:22

... algorithm is a variation of Inside-Outside algorithm(Jelinek et al., 1990) adapted to dependency grammar. In this sec- tion we first define the inside-outside probabili- ties of complete-links and ... "Class- Based n-gram Models of Natural Language& quot;. Computational Linguistics, 18(4):467-480. C. Chang and C. Chen. 1996. "Application Is- sues of SA-class Bigram Language Models". ... Acquisi- tion of Language Models for Speech Recog- nition". Master's thesis, Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. M. Meteer and J.R. Rohlicek. 1993. "Statis- tical Language...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:21

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20