extraordinary grasp of language

... national language policy currently in place in Botswana, is that Setswana is the national language of the country (Republic of Botswana 1985:8). So, despite the existence of other local languages, ... parts of the world, education is for the most part the preserve of the few (elites). The choice of which language or dialect to use to teach (medium of instruction) reflects the interests of those ... second and even third languages are added to the learners’ repertoire of language systems whilst sustaining the primary language through the schooling process instead of subtractive bilingualism...

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2012, 16:27

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2013, 01:26

Ngày tải lên: 19/08/2013, 23:10

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 10:03

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 10:12

... out of many types of accuracy work) has an important place in language teaching, not to teach language points but to raise their noticeability in the minds of the students. As a matter of note, ... approach, more an attitude of mind, based on the idea of an immersive bath of communication from which useful language focus then arises – if we simply set our students off in authentic communicative ... and successful language schools. 1960s – 1970s (USA): Audio-lingual method + Structuralist view of language A ‘scientificised’ version of the direct method; the new science of linguistics...

Ngày tải lên: 16/01/2014, 23:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 05:20

... of a variety of language models trained from text or speech corpora of vari- ous genres and sizes. The largest available language models are based on written text: we investigate the effect of ... transcripts of speech which contain disfluencies, we study the effect of language model and loss func- tion on the performance of a linear reranker that rescores the 25-best output of a noisy- channel ... held-out training data instead of test data. We used the held-out data to select the best-performing set of reranker features, which consisted of features for all of the language models plus the extended...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... rela- tively late, child language consists of the output of more than one grammar. 3Although different theories of grammar, e.g. GB, HPSG, LFG, TAG, have different ways of instantiating this ... population of grammars Learning, including language acquisition, can be characterized as a sequence of states in which the learner moves from one state to another. Transfor- mational models of language ... ignored in the for- mal studies of language acquisition. In the rest of this section, I show that if this condition is taken se- riously, previous models of language acquisition have difficulties...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 19:20

... system consists of acoustic models of speech sounds and of a statistical language model (LM). The LM learns the probabilities of word sequences from text corpora available for training. The perfor- mance of ... Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL, pages 157–165, Athens, Greece, 30 March – 3 April 2009. c 2009 Association for Computational Linguistics Web augmentation of language ... afford from the top of the list. However, the relevance of a query is dependent on the sequence of past queries (because of the decay factor). Find- ing the optimal order of the queries takes...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 02:20

... intersection of two matricible languages is again a matricible language. Proof. This is a direct consequence of the con- siderations in Section 6 together with the observa- tion, that the new set of acceptance ... (non-context-free) language {a m b m c m | m > 0}. The following properties of matrix grammars and matricible language are straightforward. Proposition 2 All languages characterized by a set of linear ... a vector v of numerical values; one might, e.g., think of the level of excitation of neurons. Then, an external stimulus or signal, such as a perceived word, will result in a change of the mental...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... according to a language model trained on I, of a text segment s drawn from N. Let H N (s) be the per-word cross-entropy of s according to a language model trained on a ran- dom sample of N. We partition ... Linguistics Intelligent Selection of Language Model Training Data Robert C. Moore William Lewis Microsoft Research Redmond, WA 98052, USA {bobmoore,wilewis}@microsoft.com Abstract We address the problem of selecting ... selecting a subset of the available data as language model training data. This not only pro- duces a language model better matched to the do- main of interest (as measured in terms of perplex- ity...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... parametric language systems. Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting on Mathematics of Language. Bertolo, S., Broihier, K., Gibson, E., and Wexler, K. (1997b) Cue-based learners in parametric language ... for investigators interested in computational models of natural language acquisition. 2 The Language Domain Database The focus of the language domain database, (hereafter LDD), is to make ... Briscoe, T. (2000). Grammatical acquisition: Inductive bias and coevolution of language and the language acquisition device. Language, 76 (2), 245-296. Chomsky, N. (1981) Lectures on Government and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 04:22

... is more useful than the naive word sequences of n-gram, for language modeling. We are planning to experiment the perfor- mance of the proposed language model for large corpus, for various ... "Class- Based n-gram Models of Natural Language& quot;. Computational Linguistics, 18(4):467-480. C. Chang and C. Chen. 1996. "Application Is- sues of SA-class Bigram Language Models". ... Acquisi- tion of Language Models for Speech Recog- nition". Master's thesis, Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. M. Meteer and J.R. Rohlicek. 1993. "Statis- tical Language...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:21

... purpose of speech recognition, is represented by a sequence of acoustic patterns each consisting of a set of measurements taken on a small portion of signal (generally on the order of 10 reset). ... utterance of fixed length the complexity is linear with the number of distinct acoustic states. Since a finite set of phonetic units is used to represent all the words of a language, the number of ... number of distinct phonetic units. Therefore the complexity of the local likelihood computation factor does not depend either on the size of the vocabulary or on the complexity of the language. ...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... origins of structure in human language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(31):10681–10686. S. Klein, M.A. Kuppin, and K.A. Meives. 1969. Monte Carlo simulation of language ... the study of language change. Language and Linguis- tics Compass, 2(3):289–307. G.J. Baxter, R.A. Blythe, W. Croft, and A.J. McK- ane. 2009. Modeling language change: An evalu- ation of Trudgill’s ... Models of Human Language Acquisition, pages 10–19. ACL. P. Niyogi and R.C. Berwick. 1995. The logical prob- lem of language change. AI Memo 1516, MIT. P. Niyogi and R.C. Berwick. 1996. A language...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... pruning method of n-gram language model for Chinese word segmentation. To reduce the size of the language model that is used in a Chinese word segmenta- tion system, importance of each bigram ... Natural Language Parsing. In Machine Learning: Proc. of 17 th International Conference (ICML- 2000), pages 175-182. Jianfeng Gao and Kai-Fu Lee. 2000. Distribution- based pruning of backoff language ... al., 2004). To the best of our knowledge, it has not been applied to language model pruning. In this paper, we propose a discriminative pruning method of n-gram language model for Chinese...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 19:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 13:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 13:20