regulation of the transport systems

... lead to an impairment of amino acid synthesis, protein metabolism, the dark reaction of photosynthesis or respiration and can cause the breakdown of the osmotic system of the cell (Larcher 2001; ... concentration gradient between the outside air and the intercellular spaces of the leaves, so that the diffusion of CO2 into the leaves 16 and the pCO2/pO2 ratio at the sites of photoreduction is increased ... 1.2) The insertion of serine and glycine can be taken as an indicator for the close relationship of the photorespiration (peroxisomes) to the synthesis of GB Besides this, recently a biosynthetic...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 10:20

... However, all the above-mentioned structural changes in receptor glycans are located in the core portion of N-glycan, and whether alteration of the terminal residue on the outer chain of either N- ... expression of InR (including the a- and b-subunits) and EGFR both on the cell surface and in cells (Fig 2A,C), as well as the SLex content of the glycans of EGFR were unchanged, but the SLex content of ... be of interest to study whether the SLex level of InR on insulin-responsive cells in diabetic patients was changed This may reveal the role of the sugar chains on InR in the pathogenesis of diabetes...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 12:20

... the specificity of the detection antibody for these isoforms, detection of IFNα is limited Moreover, low levels of type I interferon protein expression would be predicted in part because of the ... mediates down -regulation of IFNβ by inhibiting IFNβ promoter activation [45], demonstrating yet another novel function of the G protein in the regulation of host cell response In the study reported ... found to have a poor threshold of detection as expected given the limited specificity of the detection antibody used in the kits for detection of the numerous IFNα isoforms [57] However, IFNβ was...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 01:20

... attributed to the downregulation of dilp3 and dilp5 at the transcriptional level [18] The dampening of IIS upon starvation could be achieved either by enhanced secretion of stored ImpL2 or by an upregulation ... are part of ternary complexes consisting of an IGF, IGFBP-3 and ALS [29] These ternary complexes prolong the half-lives of the IGFs and restrict them to the vascular system, because the 150 kDa ... from genomic DNA The fragment was subcloned into pCRII-Topo (Invitrogen) The insert was then excised with EcoRI and cloned into pUAST [32] Because of the lack of the first exon of the Imp-L2-RB...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 18:21

... [21] The hormone ghrelin is a 28 amino-acid peptide, unique by the esterification of its third serine residue by n-octanoic acid [22] The major source of ghrelin is the stomach, where it is synthesized ... involvement of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of cachexia However, only the concentrations of VEGF, and leptin but not midkine, are associated with Kemik et al World Journal of Surgical ... reduction in BMI at the time of recovery The study protocol was approved by the medical Ethics Committee of Haseki Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, and was in accordance with the ethical standards...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 03:22

... surface of the distal area of the stigma at stage C: stacks projection of the surface of the central area of the stigma at stage Note the differences in both the texture of the exudate, and the intensity ... breakdown of the anther cells at the stomium, a specialized structure situated at the side of the anthers Dehiscence of the anther involves a number of PCD mechanisms involving degeneration of the ... tissues of the ovary or the style at any of the stages analyzed Autofluorescence of the floral tissues was recorded in red Stigmas at the stage exhibited the greatest relative intensity of fluorescence...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 03:21

... cố định, gọi “đại diện tài liệu” hay “đại diện tin”, “đại diện thông điệp”  Hàm băm hàm chiều, theo nghĩa giá trị hàm băm nhất, từ giá trị băm này, “Khó thể” suy ngược lại nội dung hay độ dài...

Ngày tải lên: 19/10/2014, 20:02

... thinks of the lone pairs of O as the source of charge transfer, but the CO p bond offers an alternative, given its concentration of density The structures of the various minima, and their relative ... number of different noncovalent interactions, but the E(2) values of all of them are only around 0.52 kcal mol1 The comparison of the complexes of NMA with CH3SH and CH3SCH3 indicates that the loss ... from the N lone pair into the s* antibonding orbital of the SH bond This transfer is facilitated by the overlap of the N lone pair with the lobe Figure Optimized geometries of various minima on the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/12/2012, 15:21

... L2/MAC Transport Channels PHY L1 General Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial Interface  The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other ... connection basis between a UE and the UTRAN  The SRNC handles the connection to one UE, and may borrow radio resources of a certain cell from the DRNC  Drift RNCs support the Serving RNC by providing ... Cell Cell Cell  The CRNC owns the radio resources of a cell  Dynamical control of power for dedicated channels, within limits admitted by CRNC, is done by the SRNC  Scheduling of data for dedicated...

Ngày tải lên: 23/10/2013, 03:11

... sustained activation of the ERK1 ⁄ pathway [20] Furthermore, the induction of miR-34a depends on the activation of ERK1 ⁄ in K562 cells [21,22] We have demonstrated that the activation of MEK ⁄ ERK signaling ... recruitment of the R-smads stimulates the production of these miRNAs and thus represses the expression of their target genes TGF-b signaling is known to be involved in the epithelial–mesenchymal ... by the activation of ERK1 ⁄ and enhances the activity of ERK1 ⁄ by repressing negative regulators of the ERK ⁄ MAPK signaling pathway Some other miRNAs are also reported to be induced by the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 19:20

... the cluster, HOX genes are further classified into 13 paralogous groups [17] The nature of the body structures depends on the specific combination of HOX gene products and the 1792 expression of ... the methylation of a subset of Hox genes, menin, a component of the Mll1 and Mll2 complexes, is required for the overwhelming majority of H3K4 methylation at Hox loci [37] However, the loss of ... results in the downregulation of cyclin E, A and B, and upregulation of p16 (an S-phase inhibitor) MLL1 binds to the promoters of cyclin E1 and E2 and there is a marked reduction in the H3K4 trimethylation...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 14:20

... preferentially the phosphorylation of the p46 isoform of JNK, whereas sorbitol treatment induced phosphorylation of both the p46 and p55 isoforms To confirm functional activation of the JNK signaling ... activation of the JNK signaling pathway JSP1-wt, but not the myristoylation mutant, induced cell death During the course of our experiments, we observed that 30% of the cells transfected with the JSP1-wt ... determine whether inhibition of JNK abrogated the effect despite JSP1 expression However, these efforts were frustrated by the lack of specificity of SP600125, which has also been reported by others...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 14:20

... a-defensins activate the b-catenin signaling pathway We then studied the role of the b-catenin signaling pathway in a-defensininduced increases in the proliferation and collagen synthesis of lung fibroblasts ... collagen synthesis of lung fibroblasts The stimulatory effects of a-defensins on collagen synthesis reach a plateau at higher concentrations, whereas the proliferative effects are reduced The results ... In the present study, we also found that a-defensin-1 and a-defensin-2 stimulated the proliferation and collagen synthesis of two other cell lines of lung fibroblasts (HFL-1 and LL86) However, the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 06:20

... example of the emerging field of pharmacoepigenomics The impact of chemotherapy would be dependent on the epigenetic state of cardinal genes such as MGMT [1,41] Knowing the state of methylation of ... support of this hypothesis, knockdown of any of the 28 RESEs in K-Ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells resulted in an absence of DNMT1 on the FAS promoter, demethylation of the FAS promoter and induction of ... proteins, the expanding list of downstream effectors and the complexity of the signaling cascades that they regulate suggest that much remains to be learnt [83] The study of Ras proteins and their...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 14:20

... to date have focused on the role of aquaporins as effector proteins of osmosensory signal transduction pathways and the potential role of these proteins in osmosensing of fish cells has yet to ... with this view, the actin-based cytoskeleton seems to play a role in osmotic regulation of Na+ ⁄ K+ ⁄ 2Cl– (NKCC) cotransporter [21] and in the closing or opening of apical crypts of gill chloride ... hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I The effect of these hormones is fine-tuned at the cellular level via adjustment of expression and membrane insertion of the corresponding hormone receptors...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... trafficking of the CD95 from inside the hepatocyte to the plasma membrane [39], which depends on a ROS-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor, the association of ... specific transport proteins at the beginning of apoptosis (apoptotic volume decrease) is an early prerequisite for the execution of apoptotic programs [25] Signaling mechanisms upstream of apoptotic ... apoptosis include activation of the protein kinase B survival pathway [31], p53 activation [32], induction of the serum- and glucocorticoidinducible kinase Sgk [33], expression of the heat shock protein...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... AR-C pretreatment lowered the Ca2+ signal at all thrombin doses The effect of AR-C was marked in showing a persistent reduction of 30–50% (P < 0.05) of the later phase of the Ca2+ response, in contrast ... Interestingly, late addition of AR-C (i.e when given after the initial Ca2+ peak) resulted in an almost immediate abolition of the remaining part of the Ca2+ signal, which then reached the level as in platelets ... reinforce the thrombin receptor-induced Ca2+ responses by a moderate increase of the first Ca2+ peak and a more marked increase of the later Ca2+ signal Furthermore, the strong inhibitory effect of post-added...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... decrease in the amount of precipitation in the presence of high concentrations of Arg-HCl in the absence of the chaperone precluded analysis of the effect of this concentration on the protective ... precluding analysis of the effect of these concentrations on the chaperone activity of aB-crystallin (Fig 4B,C) None of the compounds had an effect on the morphol- A C 940 B ogy of the amyloid fibrils ... for days either in (A) the absence or (B) the presence of aB-crystallin (0.4 mgÆmL)1) and either 250 mM of Gly (d), 250 mM of Lys-HCl ()), 250 mM of Arg-HCl ( ) or 100 mM of GdnHCl (h) The buffer-only...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... [6] and inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of the IR [7] On the basis of the crystal structure of the tyrosine kinase domain of the IR in complex with the PIR ⁄ BPS domain of Grb14, Depetris ... interaction of Grb14 with the IR is probably the major determinant of the insulin-induced membrane translocation of Grb14, several lines of evidence suggest that the association of Grb14 via ... activity of the IRs before KCl treatment represents residual activity of receptors with Grb14 bound to them, the activity of a fraction of receptors lacking bound Grb14, or a combination of both The...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 18:20

... consisting of the WH domain binds DNA with nanomolar affinity and the binding is further increased by the presence of the UHM domain [44] Because the DNA binding site on MAN1 does not overlap with the ... and BAF connecting nuclei of cells that have otherwise completed mitosis [24] In contrast, knockdown of the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog, the Ce-Lem2 (the gene product of C elegans lem-2 gene, ... localize to the INM [34,36,37] The N-terminus and the first transmembrane domain of MAN1 are necessary and sufficient for MAN1 INM localization [13,38] The N-terminus of human MAN1 (up to the first...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 02:20