principles of cancer treatment by immunotherapy

... benefit. One of the challenges of cancer treatment is to use the various treatment modalities alone and together in a fashion that maximizes the chances for patient benefit. Cancer treatments ... attention to minimizing the toxicity of potentially toxic treatments becomes a significant goal. Irrespective of the clinical scenario, the guiding principle of cancer treatment should be primum succerrere, ... medicine–related areas of expertise. Treatments for patients with hematologic malignancies are often shared by hematologists and medical oncologists. In many ways, cancer mimics an organ attempting...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... Principles of Cancer Surgery Surgery is used in cancer prevention, diagnosis, staging, treatment (for both localized and metastatic disease), palliation, and rehabilitation. Prophylaxis Cancer ... in those with pancolonic involvement with ulcerative colitis), the presence of Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 2) Figure 81-1 ... incisional biopsy is the procedure of second choice. A wedge of tissue is removed, and an effort is made to include the majority of the cross-sectional diameter of the tumor in the biopsy to minimize...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... information for treatment planning and may determine the extent and nature of primary cancer treatment. Treatment Surgery is the most effective means of treating cancer. Today about 40% of cancer ... defined by injecting a dye into the tumor site at operation and if needed—may allow resection of certain tumors that would otherwise not be possible. Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment ... even when the disease is not curable by surgery alone, the removal of tumor can obtain important benefits, including local control of tumor, preservation of organ function, debulking that permits...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 4) Palliation Surgery is employed in a number of ways for supportive care: insertion of central venous catheters, control of pleural and ... for recurrent pulmonary emboli, stabilization of cancer- weakened weight-bearing bones, and control of hemorrhage, among others. Surgical bypass of gastrointestinal, urinary tract, or biliary ... DNA breaks produced by single hits. The exponential component represents breaks produced by multiple hits (Fig. 81-2). Plotting the fraction of surviving cells against doses of x-rays or gamma...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... dose in the target volume is often the cause of complications to tissues in the transit volume, and the minimum dose in the target Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 5) Although ... basis of the amount of radiation absorbed in the patient; it is not based on the amount of radiation generated by the machine. The rad (radiation absorbed dose) is defined as 100 erg of energy ... include the D 0 of the tumor (the dose required to deliver an average of one lethal hit to all the cells in a population), the D q of the tumor (the threshold dose—a measure of the cell's...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... breast cancer, Hodgkin's disease, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, and gynecologic cancers. Radiation therapy can also palliate disease symptoms in a variety of settings: relief of bone ... selectively taken up by cancer cells by mechanisms not fully defined. When light, usually delivered by a laser, is shone on cells containing these compounds, free radicals dimensional treatment planning ... developing breast cancer by age 55 years. This is comparable in magnitude to genetic breast cancer syndromes. Women treated after age 30 have little or no increased risk of breast cancer. No data...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... sensible choices. Cancer Drugs: Overview and Principles for Use Cancer drug treatments are of four broad types. Conventional chemotherapy agents were historically derived by the empirical observation ... connotes disappearance of all tumor; progression of disease signifies an increase in size of existing lesions by >25% from baseline or best response or development of new lesions; and "stable" ... expressed by the tumor cells. As described in Chapter 80, successful tumors have activated biochemical pathways that lead to uncontrolled proliferation through the Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... Neuroblastoma Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 8) Principles of Chemotherapy Medical oncology is the subspecialty of internal medicine that cares for and designs treatment approaches ... metastatic cancers. If a tumor is localized to a single site, serious consideration of surgery or primary radiation therapy should be given, as these treatment modalities may be curative as local treatments. ... Chemotherapy may be employed after the failure of these modalities to eradicate a local tumor or as part of multimodality approaches to offer primary treatment to a clinically localized tumor....

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... improve their use. A general view of how cancer treatments work is that the interaction of a chemotherapeutic drug with its target induces a "cascade" of further signaling steps. These ... Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 9) Following demonstration of activity in animal models, conventional chemotherapeutic agents are further evaluated to define an optimal schedule of administration ... Valuable cancer drug treatment strategies using conventional chemotherapy agents, targeted agents, hormonal treatments, or biologicals have one of two valuable outcomes. They can induce cancer...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... function of these Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 10) Integration of cell death responses. Cell death through an apoptotic mechanism requires active participation of the ... activate aspects of this process by damage ultimately conveyed to the mitochondria, perhaps by activating the transcription of genes adverse prognosis if they express high levels of p170PGP, and ... novel mechanisms of action, combinations of drugs and targeted agents may maximize the chances of affecting critical pathways in the tumor. Chemotherapeutic Agents Used for Cancer Treatment Table...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... drugs; SIADH, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone; WBCs, white blood cells. Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 11) Table 81-2 Commonly Used Cancer Chemotherapy ... continuous; 1250 mg/m 2 bid 2 weeks on/ 1 off; 829 mg/m 2 bid 2 weeks on/ 1 off + 60 mg/d leucovorin Diarrhea Hand-foot syndrome Prodrug of 5FU due to intratumoral metabolism Cytosine ... Vesicant Hemolytic- uremic syndrome Lung CV—heart failure Treat superficial bladder cancers by intravesical infusion Delayed marrow toxicity Cumulative marrow toxicity Etoposide...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 12) Direct DNA-Interactive Agents DNA replication occurs during the synthesis or S-phase of the cell cycle, with chromosome segregation of the ... dacarbazine but was designed to be activated by nonenzymatic hydrolysis in tumors and is bioavailable orally. use in treatment of CML has been curtailed in favor of imatinib (Gleevec)or dasatinib, ... cause profound myelosuppression, alopecia, and pulmonary toxicity but is relatively "lymphocyte sparing." Its routine case. Thiotepa can be used for intrathecal treatment of neoplastic...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... incidence of anaphylaxis with early preparations of the drug has led to the practice of administering a test dose of 0.5– 1 unit before the rest of the dose. The most feared complication of bleomycin ... metabolized by the liver, so doses must be reduced by 50–75% in the presence of liver dysfunction. Daunorubicin is closely related to doxorubicin and was actually introduced first into leukemia treatment, ... p53 and Rb pathway lesions as the result of defective checkpoint mechanisms in cancer cells. Owing to the role of topoisomerase I in the procession of the replication fork, topoisomerase I poisons...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... transported into cells by the folate carrier, and high concentrations of drug can bypass this carrier and allow diffusion of drug directly into cells. These properties treatment of superficial transitional ... action of a DNA damage checkpoint. Prominent clinical effects include myelosuppression, nausea, Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 14) Mitomycin C undergoes reduction of its ... arisen shortly after exposure of patients to mitoxantrone, particularly in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. While chemotherapy-associated leukemia is generally of the acute myeloid type,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... refractory cancers. Intravenous administration of 5FU leads to bone marrow suppression after short infusions but to stomatitis after prolonged infusions. Leucovorin augments the activity of 5FU by ... motile and secretory processes occur. Microtubules are composed of repeating noncovalent multimers of a heterodimer of α and subunits of the protein tubulin. Vincristine binds to the tubulin dimer ... vesicant, and infiltration can be treated by local heat and infiltration of hyaluronidase. At clinically used intravenous doses, neurotoxicity in the form of glove-and-stocking neuropathy is frequent....

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20