basic principles of cancer treatment

... benefit. One of the challenges of cancer treatment is to use the various treatment modalities alone and together in a fashion that maximizes the chances for patient benefit. Cancer treatments ... attention to minimizing the toxicity of potentially toxic treatments becomes a significant goal. Irrespective of the clinical scenario, the guiding principle of cancer treatment should be primum succerrere, ... this "organ-like" behavior of tumors may provide additional clues to cancer control and treatment. treatment has the potential to cause harm, and treatment may be given that produces...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... Principles of Cancer Surgery Surgery is used in cancer prevention, diagnosis, staging, treatment (for both localized and metastatic disease), palliation, and rehabilitation. Prophylaxis Cancer ... in those with pancolonic involvement with ulcerative colitis), the presence of Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 2) Figure 81-1 ... incisional biopsy is the procedure of second choice. A wedge of tissue is removed, and an effort is made to include the majority of the cross-sectional diameter of the tumor in the biopsy to minimize...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... information for treatment planning and may determine the extent and nature of primary cancer treatment. Treatment Surgery is the most effective means of treating cancer. Today about 40% of cancer ... resection of certain tumors that would otherwise not be possible. Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 3) Staging As noted in Chap. 77, an important component of patient ... including local control of tumor, preservation of organ function, debulking that permits subsequent therapy to work better, and staging information on extent of involvement. Cancer surgery aiming...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 4) Palliation Surgery is employed in a number of ways for supportive care: insertion of central venous catheters, control of pleural and ... for recurrent pulmonary emboli, stabilization of cancer- weakened weight-bearing bones, and control of hemorrhage, among others. Surgical bypass of gastrointestinal, urinary tract, or biliary ... (Fig. 81-2). Plotting the fraction of surviving cells against doses of x-rays or gamma radiation, the curve has a shoulder that reflects the cell's repair of sublethal damage, followed by...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... dose in the target volume is often the cause of complications to tissues in the transit volume, and the minimum dose in the target Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 5) Although ... include the D 0 of the tumor (the dose required to deliver an average of one lethal hit to all the cells in a population), the D q of the tumor (the threshold dose—a measure of the cell's ... basis of the amount of radiation absorbed in the patient; it is not based on the amount of radiation generated by the machine. The rad (radiation absorbed dose) is defined as 100 erg of energy...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... breast cancer, Hodgkin's disease, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, and gynecologic cancers. Radiation therapy can also palliate disease symptoms in a variety of settings: relief of bone ... dose of therapeutic radiation exists below which the incidence of second cancers is decreased. High rates of second tumors occur in people who receive as little as 1000 cGy. Chapter 081. Principles ... Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 6) Application to Patients Teletherapy Radiation therapy can be used alone or together with chemotherapy to produce cure of localized tumors and control of...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... uncontrolled proliferation through the Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 7) Karnofsky was among the first to champion the evaluation of a chemotherapeutic agent's benefit by ... providing a basis for patients to make sensible choices. Cancer Drugs: Overview and Principles for Use Cancer drug treatments are of four broad types. Conventional chemotherapy agents were ... connotes disappearance of all tumor; progression of disease signifies an increase in size of existing lesions by >25% from baseline or best response or development of new lesions; and "stable"...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... Neuroblastoma Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 8) Principles of Chemotherapy Medical oncology is the subspecialty of internal medicine that cares for and designs treatment approaches ... Chemotherapy may be employed after the failure of these modalities to eradicate a local tumor or as part of multimodality approaches to offer primary treatment to a clinically localized tumor. ... metastatic cancers. If a tumor is localized to a single site, serious consideration of surgery or primary radiation therapy should be given, as these treatment modalities may be curative as local treatments....

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... endogenous regulators of the cell death pathway are activated (Fig. 81-3). Figure 81-3 Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 9) Following demonstration of activity in animal ... improve their use. A general view of how cancer treatments work is that the interaction of a chemotherapeutic drug with its target induces a "cascade" of further signaling steps. These ... Valuable cancer drug treatment strategies using conventional chemotherapy agents, targeted agents, hormonal treatments, or biologicals have one of two valuable outcomes. They can induce cancer...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... function of these Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 10) Integration of cell death responses. Cell death through an apoptotic mechanism requires active participation of the ... novel mechanisms of action, combinations of drugs and targeted agents may maximize the chances of affecting critical pathways in the tumor. Chemotherapeutic Agents Used for Cancer Treatment Table ... action of particular pathways. For example, the p210 bcr-abl fusion protein tyrosine kinase drives chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and HER-2/neu stimulates the proliferation of certain breast cancers....

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... drugs; SIADH, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone; WBCs, white blood cells. Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 11) Table 81-2 Commonly Used Cancer Chemotherapy ... continuous; 1250 mg/m 2 bid 2 weeks on/ 1 off; 829 mg/m 2 bid 2 weeks on/ 1 off + 60 mg/d leucovorin Diarrhea Hand-foot syndrome Prodrug of 5FU due to intratumoral metabolism Cytosine ... Myalgia Use limited to leukemia Altered methylation of DNA alters gene expression Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 IV Marrow Nausea of 6 weeks Diarrhea Neutropenia Miscellaneous Arsenic...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 12) Direct DNA-Interactive Agents DNA replication occurs during the synthesis or S-phase of the cell cycle, with chromosome segregation of the ... cause profound myelosuppression, alopecia, and pulmonary toxicity but is relatively "lymphocyte sparing." Its routine case. Thiotepa can be used for intrathecal treatment of neoplastic ... nonenzymatic hydrolysis in tumors and is bioavailable orally. use in treatment of CML has been curtailed in favor of imatinib (Gleevec)or dasatinib, but it is still employed in transplant...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... incidence of anaphylaxis with early preparations of the drug has led to the practice of administering a test dose of 0.5– 1 unit before the rest of the dose. The most feared complication of bleomycin ... sarcoma and ovarian cancer. Bleomycin refers to a mixture of glycopeptides that have the unique feature of forming complexes with Fe 2+ while also bound to DNA. Oxidation of Fe 2+ gives rise ... p53 and Rb pathway lesions as the result of defective checkpoint mechanisms in cancer cells. Owing to the role of topoisomerase I in the procession of the replication fork, topoisomerase I poisons...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... action of a DNA damage checkpoint. Prominent clinical effects include myelosuppression, nausea, Chapter 081. Principles of Cancer Treatment (Part 14) Mitomycin C undergoes reduction of its ... arisen shortly after exposure of patients to mitoxantrone, particularly in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. While chemotherapy-associated leukemia is generally of the acute myeloid type, ... lead to progress of the replication fork off the end of a DNA strand. The DNA damage is a potent signal for induction of apoptosis. Camptothecins promote the stabilization of the DNA linked...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... motile and secretory processes occur. Microtubules are composed of repeating noncovalent multimers of a heterodimer of α and subunits of the protein tubulin. Vincristine binds to the tubulin dimer ... refractory cancers. Intravenous administration of 5FU leads to bone marrow suppression after short infusions but to stomatitis after prolonged infusions. Leucovorin augments the activity of 5FU ... clotting function abnormalities. Close monitoring of clotting functions should accompany use of asparaginase. Paradoxically, owing to depletion of rapidly turning over anticoagulant factors,...

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Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20