precursors of materials science

... PERGAMON MATERIALS SERIES VOLUME The Coming of Materials Science PERGAMON MATERIALS SERIES Series Editor: Robert W Cahn FRS Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, ... SERIES The Coming of Materials Science Robert W Cahn, FRS Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK PERGAMON An Imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam ... with those of the Whipple Library of the History and Philosophy of Science and the Library of the Dcpartmcnt of Materials Science and Metallurgy, have been an indispensable resource Professors...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 17:02

... PERGAMON MATERIALS SERIES VOLUME The Coming of Materials Science PERGAMON MATERIALS SERIES Series Editor: Robert W Cahn FRS Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, ... SERIES The Coming of Materials Science Robert W Cahn, FRS Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK PERGAMON An Imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam ... with those of the Whipple Library of the History and Philosophy of Science and the Library of the Dcpartmcnt of Materials Science and Metallurgy, have been an indispensable resource Professors...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 17:20

... CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE Structure and Characterization of Polycrystalline Materials © 2003 by CRC Press LLC A α-Al2O3 Pure alumina Polycrystalline ... as consisting of two sublattices: an FCC sublattice of O2– ions and a sublattice of Al 3+ ions occupying two thirds of the octahedral sites in the first one α-Fe Allotropic form of iron having ... metallurgy of Ti alloys, an alloying element increasing the thermodynamic stability of α-phase and thereby raising the β/(α + β) transus in the corresponding phase diagram In physical metallurgy of steels,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... placed on the same side of the sample backscattered electron Electron elastically scattered in the direction that is opposite to the direction of the primary beam The yield of backscattered electrons ... effects, i.e., taking off or releasing the heat in the course of the transitions See, e.g., differential scanning calorimetry capillary driving force Driving force for migration of grain or phase ... are the principal radii of the boundary curvature Capillary driving force promotes normal and abnormal grain growth, as well as shrinkage of porous compacts in the course of sintering carbide In...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... the angles between the axis of the tension specimen and RD of the sheet dark-field illumination In optical microscopes, such illumination that flat horizontal features of an opaque sample appear ... Allotropic form of iron having BCC crystal structure and existing at atmospheric pressure at temperatures above A4 (i.e., > 1400°C) up to the melting point δ-ferrite Solid solution of alloying elements ... eutectoid decomposition, decomposition of supersaturated solid solution on aging treatment into precipitates and saturated solid solution, decomposition of cementite on graphitization into austenite...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... the hollows of the second layer and above the C hollows of the first layer The atom centers of the fourth layer are arranged in the hollows of the third layer and above the A centers of the first ... in the hollows of the lower layer In the FCC structure, the atom centers of the second layer are arranged in the B hollows of the first layer (see Figure F.2) The atom centers of the third layer ... to disorientation of a low-angle boundary For instance, consider a grain in which there are only parallel edge dislocations of different sense If the numbers of dislocations of the opposite sense,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... drag is most often used in the sense that the segregated impurity reduces the effective mobility of grain boundaries because the diffusivity of impurity atoms differs from that of the host atoms ... boundary of this kind is always joined to either a coherent twin boundary or the boundaries of the twinned grain The energy and mobility of an incoherent twin boundary are rather close to those of ... period In materials science, the time duration (at a constant temperature) necessary for the first stable nuclei of a new phase to occur The incubation period found experimentally is often greater...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... Manifestation of the difference in diffusion rates of the atoms of different components in the case of vacancy mechanism, i.e., in substitutional solid solutions An annealing of a sample made of two ... connecting two parallel segments of the same dislocation lying on both sides of the Peierls barrier Kinks can easily glide along with the dislocation kink band Part of a plastically deformed grain ... from diffraction of nonelastically scattered electrons Kikuchi lines are used for a precise determination (with an accuracy better than 1°) of lattice orientation kinetics [of transformation]...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... precipitation of εcarbides, the lattice of tempered martensite is characterized by a tetragonality corresponding to ∼0.2 wt% carbon dissolved in the martensite See steel martensite tempering of steel ... under the supposition that the deformations of the polycrystal and its grains are compatible Reciprocal Taylor factor can be used for polycrys tals instead of Schmid factor, whose magnitude is defined ... In addition, at temperatures ∼600°C, the diffusion of the substitutional alloying elements becomes possible, which leads to the occurrence of special carbides accompanied by cementite dissolution...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... Description of Microstructure of Materials, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1995 Liebermann, H H., Ed., Rapidly Solidified Alloys, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993 Lifshin, E., Ed., Characterization of Materials, ... The Theory of Transformation in Metals and Alloys, Pergamon, Oxford, 1975 Collings, E W., The Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys, ASM, Metals Park, 1984 Cullity, B D., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, ... Behaviour of Materials, Prentice Hall, New York, 1999 Duke, P J and Michette, A G., Eds., Modern Microscopies, Plenum Press, New York, 1990 Feldman, L C., Mayer, J W., and Picraux, S T., Materials...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... PERGAMON MATERIALS SERIES VOLUME The Coming of Materials Science PERGAMON MATERIALS SERIES Series Editor: Robert W Cahn FRS Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, ... SERIES The Coming of Materials Science Robert W Cahn, FRS Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK PERGAMON An Imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam ... with those of the Whipple Library of the History and Philosophy of Science and the Library of the Dcpartmcnt of Materials Science and Metallurgy, have been an indispensable resource Professors...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:21

... professor of colloid science and then professor of physical chemistry, both in the Department of Physical Chemistry The Bristol department has been one of the most distinguished exponents of ... major part in the coming of materials science In this chapter, I shall try to set the stage for the story of the emergence of materials science by looking at case-histories of some related disciplines ... Department of Colloid Science are now occupied by the Department of the History and Philosophy of Science To the best of my knowledge, there has never been another department of colloid science anywhere...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:21

... analysed these 159 160 The Coming of Materials Science in Chapter 2: although they all form components of degree courses, none of the parepistemes in materials science that I exemplify below are ... discouragement of some of them, while a shorter account of the evolution of crystal-growing skill can be found in the first The Virtues of Subsidiarity 161 chapter of a book by one of the early ... (Duhl 1989) 166 The Coming of Materials Science 4.2.2 Diflusion The migration of one atomic species in another, in the solid state, is the archetype of a materials- science parepisteme From small...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:21

... variety of new and improved functions, together with the development of image-formation theory, jointly constitute one of the broadest and most important parepistemes in the whole of materials science, ... of materials, in: Encyclopedia o f Materials Science and Engineering, vol 3, ed Bever, M.B (Pergamon Press, Oxford) p 2389 Lifshin, E (1994) in Characterisation o Materials, ed Lifshin, E.; Materials ... Functional Materials 7.1 INTRODUCTION A major distinction has progressively emerged in materials science and engineering, between structural materials and functional materials Structural materials...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:21

... part of materials science, and not treated in most general texts on polymer science Accordingly, I will not treat it further in this chapter The aspects of polymer science that form part of MSE ... His last chapter is a profound consideration of 307 308 The Coming o Materials Science f “the legacy of Staudinger and Carothers” These two books focus on the underlying science, though both also ... changed: the important domain of polymer chemistry has become, by degrees, a branch of science almost wholly divorced from the rest of polymer science, with its own array of journals and conferences,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:21