plugging in electric vehicles

... out in Phoenix, has as its goal an evaluation of the relative importance of fast charging and PSoC operation in determining battery life The project involves the testing of battery packs both in ... all interested companies who have set aside their competitive instincts in favour of a cooperative drive towards a product that should address all of the needs of the emerging electric vehicle industry ... modern electric vehicles and this has a history scarcely longer than those of the newer battery chemistries At the beginning of the 1990s, the VRLA battery available for consideration in electric vehicles...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... battery pack in a charge sustaining mode (maintaining their SOC nearly constant discharging and charging from the vehicle engine and the regenerative braking system) while PHEVs can operate in either ... replacing the conventional combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), there are vehicles whose engine power is fully electric Within the range of those electric vehicles there are battery electric vehicles ... undergoing variations in consumption and autonomy As it can be seen in Figure 5d, the increasing of the electrical load, causes the increasing of the vehicle's energy consumption and the decreasing...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58

... at: shinichi.inage.wk@hitachi.com or David Elzinga at david.elzinga@iea.org International Energy Agency Shin-ichi Inage WO R K I N G PA P E R Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Vehicles in a ... while maintaining routine EV operation Usually, peak late-afternoon traffic occurs during the peak Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Vehicles in a Smart Grid Environment – © OECD/IEA 2010 electricity ... cycles establishing a viable transparent business model obtaining statistical data on the driving patterns and availability of EVs Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Vehicles in a Smart Grid...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 23:20

... 27] According to the theory of green accounting, finding a decreasing GNNI implies that in the future there will be a decrease in utility Thus, according to the definition of sustainability as ... Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, focusing his research on optimization of alternative road vehicles Areas of interest include research in the areas of new technology in road vehicles; ... Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Technical University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal, in 2009 Currently is a PhD student in Mechanical Engineering at Institute of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:32

... PRINTING HISTORY • First Edition: Printed in June of 2000 Plain-ASCII illustrations for universal computer readability • Second Edition: Printed in September of 2000 Illustrations reworked in ... to represent numbers in decimal form, digitally, using a series of circuits called ”ring counters” instead of just going with the binary numeration system, in an effort to minimize the number of ... than remainder = (0.5 x 2) The binary bits are assembled from the remainders of the successive division steps, beginning with the LSB and proceeding to the MSB In this case, we arrive at a binary...

Ngày tải lên: 09/12/2013, 21:15

... modern dielectric theory and engineering, including the lastest analysis and modeling techniques As the editor of the Power Engineering Series, I am proud to include Dielectrics in Electric Fields ... maintenance Polymer scientists are interested in understanding the role of long chain molecules in varied applications ranging from heat resistant dielectrics to selfrepairing plastics The intensity ... complex dielectric constant are explained and the influence of frequency and temperature in determining the relaxation is examined Functions for representing the complex dielectric constant in the...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... sphere of radius R and a dielectric constant 82 The sphere is situated in a dielectric medium extending to infinity and having a dielectric constant of S] and an external electric field is applied ... A DIELECTRIC SPHERE IMMERSED IN A DIFFERENT MEDIUM A typical problem in the application of Laplace's equation towards dielectric studies is to find the electric field inside an uncharged dielectric ... substituting equation (1.25) in (1.24) The method of finding the solution of Laplace's equation in some typical examples is shown in the following sections TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... shown in the following section 2.3 THE INTERNAL FIELD To calculate the internal field we imagine a small spherical cavity at the point where the internal field is required The result we obtain varies ... local ordering in the dielectric23 It has the value of unity if we imagine a molecule to be held fixed, and the average moment of a spherical region of finite radius within an infinite specimen ... gives rise to an electric field in a direction perpendicular to E and this component is ' PcosQsmOdA dE sin - - Substituting expression (2.17) in this expression and integrating we get o ~ Hence...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... particularly in long chain polymers, a linear configuration Further, in the solid phase the dipoles are more likely to be interactive and not independent in their response to the alternating field7 ... s' changes with increasing COT, the curves crossing over at COT = At n=l the change in s' with increasing COT is identical to the Debye relaxaton, the material then possessing a single relaxation ... n increases the curves become narrower and the peak value increases This behavior is consistent with that shown in fig 3.8 Let the lines joining any point on the Cole-Cole diagram to the points...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... presence of dipoles in the vicinity Because the dipoles have finite length in real dielectrics they are more rigidly fixed, as in the case of a side group attached to the main chain of a polymer ... vibrations One, along the line joining the equilibrium positions of the charges, called longitudinal optic mode (LO) and another, in a plane perpendicular to the line joining the equilibrium positions ... two kinds, inter-cluster or intra-cluster Each of these interactions makes its own characteristic contribution to the susceptibility function The intra-cluster (within a cluster) movement involves...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... chlorinated PVC (CPVC) with chlorine content increasing in the range 60-65% During chlorination, the chlorine replaces the hydrogen atoms in CH2 units rather than in the CH—Cl units Chlorination increases ... in the crystalline region, or to p-loss? Such questions frequently arise in dielectric studies in interpreting experimental data Since the peak value of B" increases with decreasing crystallinity ... along the chain at intervals of about 100 main units Branches of approximately the main chain length may also exist at intervals of a few main chain lengths The degree of chain branching changes...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... domain to the frequency domain involves the assumption that the current is measured in the interval to infinity, which is not attained in practice The necessity to truncate the integral to a finite ... been examined by Bergman et al (1998) The procedure adopted for transforming the frequency domain data into time domain current involves two steps: (1) Determine G(i) from e"- co data by inverse ... current-time relationship in polymers 6.7.1 ARAMID PAPER Aramid Paper which is an aromatic polyamide is a high temperature insulating material and finds increasing applications in electrical equipment...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... by taking into account the coupling that exists between individual atoms in a solid instead of assuming that each atom is a independent vibrator, TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All ... which in turn is related to a decrease in free volume Increase in viscosity and intermolecular forces are also associated with the increase in molecular weight and therefore in resistivity In general ... the fact that transport occurs within interchain of the molecule rather than within intrachain The mobilitiy of electrons in polymers is ~ 10"'° m2 V'V1 and at electric fields of 100 MV/m the drift...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... — ion recombination AB In considering recombination many of these processes have to be taken into account acting in combination and the decrease of electron density due to recombination has led ... E/N the energy for generating an ion-pair is a minimum resulting in a minimum sparking potential of the gas I.2A ASYMPTOTE - = • ORIGIN TANGENT LINE 0.8 A C Q STOLETOW POINT 0.6A !•«= f = 368A 0.4A ... is obtained by finding the inverse Laplace transforms of equations (8.43) and (8.44) The details of computation are explained in the following section 8.5.3 Formative Time Lags in Cylindrical...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... & Govinda Raju SF6 Field Configuration Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing & increasing Decreasing & increasing Field Slope Two one Four one (Liu and Raju, 1992; with permission of IEEE ©.) In considering ... corona pulses tends to increase with decreasing gas pressure and increasing applied voltage Discharge cell VARIABLE GAIN AMP Calibration pulse input Fig 9-6 System for measuring electrical characteristics ... explained that the positive corona inception voltage is higher than the negative inception voltage The difference between the inception voltages increases with increasing divergence of the electric...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... in aramid paper Poling field and heating rate: A 7.9 MV/m, K/min; • 11.8 MV/m, K/min.; O 7.9 MV/m, K/min.; Q 3.9 MV/m, 2K/min.; A MV/m, 2K/min.; • 7.9 MV/m, K/min.; X i K/min (Raju, 1992, with ... coefficients depend on the nature of the material; retrapping is dominant in dielectrics whereas recombination with light output dominates in thermoluminiscent materials Conduction level Forbidden energy ... measurements with heating rate of p T&V Windowing Polarization Fig 10.5 Protocol for windowing TSD Note the additional detail in the region EFGH Tp and Td are poling and window temperatures respectively...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... for determining P(;c) involves the following steps: The integral sign in equation (11.26) may be replaced by a summation by dividing the film into n incremental thickness, each layer having its ... thermal pulsing experiment in the double metallizing and single metallizing configurations (Collins, 1980, Am Inst Phys.) The observed properties of the electret are in general related to the internal ... scattered mainly in the forward direction The electrons move a certain distance within the dielectric, building up a space charge density and an internal electric field which may be quite intense...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... studied in this book This book is useful for B Sc senior students in the electrical engineering discipline, MS and PhD students in the same discipline all over the world, electrical engineers working ... immense interest in the engineering field in the last two decades Optimization methods are of great importance in practice, particularly in engineering design, scientific experiments, and business ... optimization packages contain powerful linear programming algorithms for solving power system problems for both planning and operating engineers Linear programming has extensions in the simplex method,...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 07:20

... with electric vehicles, investigating their interest to purchase an electric vehicle as well as inquiring about their priorities for improving the features of current electric vehicles In the study ... automotive industry in Europe”, the European Commission proposes actions to promote investments in re-charging infrastructure and an EU standard for the recharging interface for electric vehicles ... currency (Zloty and Pound Sterling) Germany: 606 interviews Italy: 613 interviews Poland: 548 interviews Spain: 617 interviews UK: 716 interviews As explained in detail in the companion report (European...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 10:20

... Table: Gain / loss in decibels Loss/gain as a ratio Poutput Pinput Loss/gain in decibels Poutput 10 log Pinput Loss/gain as a ratio Poutput Pinput Loss/gain in decibels Poutput 10 log Pinput 1000 ... AI = AC gains Voutput AV = Vinput Ioutput AI = Iinput Poutput Power AP = Pinput AP = ∆Voutput ∆Vinput ∆Ioutput ∆Iinput (∆Voutput)(∆Ioutput) (∆Vinput)(∆Iinput) AP = (AV)(AI) ∆ = "change in " If ... loss in bels Loss/gain as a ratio Poutput Pinput Loss/gain in bels Poutput log Pinput Loss/gain as a ratio Poutput Pinput Loss/gain in bels Poutput log Pinput 1000 3B 0.1 -1 B 100 2B 0.01 -2 B 10...

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 20:52