nutrition digestion and absorption

... Houston, Texas Digestion and Nutrition: 10 An Introduction Nutrition and Major Nutrients 12 Minor Nutrients and Metabolism 22 Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination 30 Chewing and Swallowing ... YOUR BODY How It Works Digestion and Nutrition YOUR BODY How It Works Cells, Tissues, and Skin The Circulatory System Digestion and Nutrition The Endocrine System Human Development ... use the energy Monoand disaccharides are found in fruits, sugarcane, sugar beets, honey, molasses, and milk Starches are found in grains, 15 16 DIGESTION AND NUTRITION legumes, and root types of...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 04:20

... exponential behaviour of data set and the sigmoid and incomplete asymptotic behaviour of data sets and (a), and the natural logarithmic plots for data sets and with and without correction for the ... Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn Contents Contributors ix 1 Introduction J Dijkstra, J.M Forbes and J France DIGESTION Rate and Extent of Digestion D.R Mertens ... Nolan and R.C Dobos 177 Rumen Microorganisms and their Interactions M.K Theodorou and J France 207 v vi Contents Microbial Energetics J.B Russell and H.J Strobel 229 10 Rumen Function A Bannink and...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 17:15

... 15, 384–396 Hogan, J.P and Weston, R.H (1967) The digestion of chopped and ground roughage by sheep The digestion of nitrogen and some carbohydrate fractions in the stomach and intestines Australian ... Klooster, A.T and Rogers, P.A.M (1969) Observations on the digestion and absorption of food along the gastro-intestinal tract of fistulated cows The rate of flow of digesta and the net absorption ... were 18.9 and 20.8 h; when concentrates were included in the diet, the values were 169 and 240 h for protozoa and 31.2 and 31.9 h for particles The MRTs for both liquid-associated- and solid-associated-bacteria,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 17:15

... detergent extraction þ cellulase Acid þ cellulase Jones and Theodorou (2000) Jones and Hayward (1975) Dowman and Collins (1982) Roughan and Holland (1977) De Boever et al (1988) Solubility Neutral ... contribute to enhancing our understanding of degradation and fermentation kinetics, leading to better diet formulation and animal nutrition Concluding Remarks In vitro and in situ techniques are used ... sheep, ponies and rabbits Journal of Animal Science 58, 213–221 Van Milgen, J., Berger, L.L and Murphy, M.R (1993) An integrated dynamic model of feed hydration and digestion, and subsequent...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 00:15

... of tropical and temperate grasses and of legumes, and (B) mature stems of grass and legume, during eating and initial (0–6 h) digestion in the rumen to ‘fines’ or large particles, and subsequent ... ingestion and rumination (see Wilson and Kennedy, 1996) and is related to diet fibrosity and maturity (Weston, 1985) and therefore to degree of diet selection The proportions of leaf and stem ... sieving techniques and fluid, particulate and microbial markers British Journal of Nutrition 53, 347–362 Domingue, B.M.F., Dellow, D.W and Barry, T.N (1991) Voluntary intake and rumen digestion of...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 00:15

... (1965) Weston and Hogan (1968) Weston and Hogan (1968) Weston and Hogan (1971) Siddons et al (1984) Leng and Brett (1966) Leng and Brett (1966) Leng and Brett (1966) Siciliano-Jones and Murphy (1989) ... Murphy (1989) Siciliano-Jones and Murphy (1989) Siciliano-Jones and Murphy (1989) Siciliano-Jones and Murphy (1989) Rogers and Davis (1982a) Rogers and Davis (1982b) Rogers and Davis (1982b) continued ... reasons other than engulfment and digestion (Morrison and Mackie, 1996) Some bacteria lyse spontaneously when substrates are limiting (Wells and Russell, 1996) and temperate and lysogenic phages (viruses)...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 23:15

... described and this number is expected to increase with continued research Rumen Microorganisms and their Interactions 209 Species Diversity and Activity Species diversity and the size and activity ... Gram-positive and Gram-negative rods, cocci, crescents, vibrios and helices, occurring singly, in chains, tetrads and clumps, are found in the rumen Larger bacteria such as the distinctive ‘Quin’s and ... about by initial chewing and subsequent rumination Passage of digesta from the rumen is selective and is based on liquid flow and particle size The flow of water, solute and small particles (including...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 23:15

... ethanol and hydrogen are not produced, and lactate-utilizing bacteria convert lactate to acetate and propionate In the 1970s, Scheifinger and Wolin (1973) demonstrated that cellulolytic and non-cellulolytic ... Journal of Nutrition 32, 341–347 Wells, J.E and Russell, J.B (1994) The endogenous metabolism of Fibrobacter succinogenes and its relationship to cellobiose transport, viability and cellulose digestion ... (Russell et al., 1988; Chen and Russell, 1989), and 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that these isolates were Clostridium sticklandii, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and a new species, C aminophilum...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 23:15

... of Nutrition 74, 617–634 Dijkstra, J., Neal, H.D.St.C., Beever, D.E and France, J (1992) Simulation of nutrient digestion, absorption and outflow in the rumen: model description Journal of Nutrition ... D.E and MacRae, J.C (1985) Nitrogen digestion and metabolism in sheep consuming diets containing contrasting forms and levels of N British Journal of Nutrition 54, 175–187 Sinclair, L.A and Wilkinson, ... B.W and Kelly, J.M (1990) Energy cost of absorption and metabolism in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract and liver: a review Journal of Animal Science 68, 2997–3010 Mills, J.A.N., France, J and...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 08:15

... Lindsay, D.B and West, C.F (1967) Rates of entry and oxidation of acetate, glucose, D(-)ß-hydroxybutyrate, palmitate, oleate and stearate and rates of production and oxidation of propionate and butyrate ... E.N (1983) Tissue glucose and lactate metabolism and interconversions in pregnant and lactating sheep British Journal of Nutrition 50, 267–280 Weigland, E., Young, J.W and McGilliard, D (1972) ... 785–790 Leury, B.J., Bird, A.R., Chandler, E.D and Bell, A.W (1990) Glucose partitioning in the pregnant ewe: effects of undernutrition and exercise British Journal of Nutrition 64, 449–462 Lindsay,...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 08:15

... oleate and stearate, and rates of production and oxidation of propionate and butyrate in fed and starved sheep Biochemical Journal 104, 135–147 Annison, E.F., Linzell, J.L., Fazakerly, S and Nichols, ... LPL (mammary gland and muscle) and lipolysis from adipose tissue within the tissue bed of interest (muscle and the gut) To discriminate between the sources the method of Zierler and Rabinowitz ... oxidation and utilisation of palmitate, stearate, oleate and acetate by the mammary gland of the fed goat in relation to their overall metabolism, and the role of plasma phospholipids and neutral...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 09:15

... breakdown and synthesis is calculated by measuring the concentration of the label and its isotopic activity in arterial and venous blood, and the blood flow Labelled phenylalanine (Barrett and Gelfand, ... Brun-Bellut, J and Marie, M (1991) Tissue protein synthesis in lactating and dry goats British Journal of Nutrition 66, 451–465 Barrett, E.J and Gelfand, R.A (1989) The in vivo study of cardiac and skeletal ... M and Rochon, C (1999) Regulation of muscle growth and development In: Lobley, G.E., White, A and MacRae, J.C (eds) Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, EAAP No 96 Wageningen Pers., The Netherlands,...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 09:15

... function and animal health Understanding the contribution of leptin to this regulation will improve our understanding of nutrition and metabolism The temporal changes of leptin, insulin, GH and IGF-1 ... for maintenance and turnover of gut tissues and for nutrient absorption is, therefore, considerable and a large proportion of this energy expenditure is directly linked to protein and AA metabolism ... Care 3, 183–189 Baumrucker, C.R and Erondu, N.E (2000) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) in the bovine mammary gland and milk Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 5, 53–64 Block, S.S.,...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 09:15

... flow, and hence nutrient supply, to a tissue varies with physiological and nutritional state For example, on feeding in sheep, blood flow increased to the rumen epithelium and salivary glands, ... Decreased ? Uptake and accretion of Ca2þ and Pi decreased; resorption and output of Ca2þ and Pi increased VLDL-TG, very low-density lipoproteins triacylglycerol; Pi, phosphate kidney and by a reduction ... Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 221–236 Hofmeyr, J.-H.S and Cornish-Bowden, A (2000) Regulating the cellular economy of supply and demand FEBS Letters 476, 47–51 Jacobi, S.K and Miner, J.L...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 09:15

... blood (2), bone (3) and soft tissues (4)) and P enters the system via intake (F10 ) and exits via faeces (F 01 ) and urine (F 02 ) The daily intake and loss of P in faeces and urine were measured ... F 12 , F 23 and F 32 and F 24 and F 42 , respectively Labelled 32 P was administered as a single dose, D cpm, at time zero, and the size and specific activity of the blood, bone and soft tissues ... digestion, absorption and outflow in the rumen: model description Journal of Nutrition 122, 2239–2256 Dijkstra, J., Mills, J.A.N and France, J (2002) The role of dynamic modelling in understanding...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 09:15

... effects of sex hormones, pregnancy, and lactation on digestion, metabolism and voluntary intake In: Milligan, L.P., Grovum, W.L and Dobson, A (eds) Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants PrenticeHall, ... J.A and Schreiner, R.L (1984) Metabolic balance of the ovine fetus during the fed and fasted states Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 28, 268–280 Leury, B.J., Bird, A.R., Chandler, K.D and Bell, ... Sinclair, K.D., Randel, R.D and Sykes, A.R (1999) Nutritional management of the female ruminant: mechanistic approaches and predictive models In: Jung, H.G and Fahey, G.C Jr (eds) Nutritional Ecology...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 09:15

... acids) and is calculated by dividing the state variable by the distribution volume of glucose Inputs into nutrient pools are influenced by absorption of the nutrient from diet and/ or digestion, and ... entering and leaving the several pools The sources of entering amino acids are the digestion of microbial protein, rumen bypass and abomasally infused proteins, amino acids and degradation of body and ... yields and led to parameterization of equations to represent these effects (Maeng et al., 1976; Argyle and Baldwin, 1989) Current representations of digestion products and amino acid absorption...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 09:15

... development, and they develop with a sebaceous gland as well as an arrector pili musculature and a sweat gland attached to them Secondary follicles initiate later in fetal development and only have ... Wilson and Short, 1979; Hynd, 1989; Hocking-Edwards and Hynd, 1992) Their observations have recently been summarized and compared by Hynd and Masters (2002) At a maintenance level of nutrition ... and other body functions In: Black, J.L and Reis, P.J (eds) Physiological and Environmental Limitations to Wool Growth University of New England, Armidale, Australia, pp 223–242 Carter, H.B and...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 09:15

... RUP) Masha Cold pelleted Steam pelleted Expander treated Expander treated and pelleted Mash Cold pelleted Steam pelleted Expander treated Expander treated and pelleted Mash Pelleted Mash Pellet Mash ... by pelleting and expander pelleting maize, sorghum and peas In barley and wheat they found a small decrease in starch degradation especially by expander pelleting, whereas oats and wheat bran ... for peas and horsebeans with those for oats and barley after pressure toasting indicated that the protein/starch ratio, which is 0.6 and 0.7 for peas and horsebeans and only 0.22, 0,25 and 0.18...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 09:15

... respond to increased nutritional demands is to increase grazing time For example, Penning et al (1995a) recorded lactating and dry ewes grazing for 582 and 478 min/day, respectively, and Gibb et al ... reticulum and pass into the omasum Inverse relationships have been reported between particle size and fractional passage rate and between particle size and specific gravity (Kennedy and Murphy, ... climate are complex and depend on temperature, radiation and rainfall Forage species and management Grasses and legumes differ primarily in their protein content, the presence of CT, and the structure...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 15:16