hyperplasia benign and borderline urothelial neoplasms

... cells Both prostate epithelial cells and stromal cells express androgen receptors and depend on androgens for growth Testosterone, the major circulating androgen, is converted by the enzyme 5αreductase ... tubuloalveolar glands arranged in lobules and surrounded by a stroma The acinal unit includes an epithelial compartment made up of epithelial, basal, and neuroendocrine cells and a stromal compartment ... time frame (Fig 91-1) For benign proliferative disorders, symptoms of urinary frequency, infection, and potential for obstruction are weighed against the side effects and complications of medical...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 02:20

... prostate size and consistency and abnormalities within or beyond the gland Many cancers occur in the peripheral zone and can be palpated on DRE Carcinomas are characteristically hard, nodular, and irregular, ... cancers and cancer control, in which the tempo of the illness is altered and symptoms controlled until the patient dies of other causes These can be equivalent therapeutically from a patient standpoint ... produced by both nonmalignant and malignant epithelial cells PSA is prostate-specific, not prostate cancer–specific, and serum PSA increases may occur from prostatitis, BPH, and prostate cancer The...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 02:20

... 2.5 to 3.2 in a 1-year period would warrant further testing Free and complexed PSA measurements are used when levels are between and 10 ng/mL to decide whether a biopsy is needed The level of free ... complexed to total, and free to complexed PSA have also been used In one series, specificity improved by 20% by defining normal ranges as free/total >0.15, complexed/total

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 02:20

... confined to the gland (T2), and those that have extended outside the gland (T3 and T4) (Table 91-1) DRE alone is inaccurate with respect to the extent of the disease within the gland, the presence ... histologic grade) often determines biologic behavior The presence or absence of perineural invasion and extracapsular spread are also recorded Prostate Cancer Staging The TNM staging system includes ... within the gland, the presence or absence of capsular invasion, involvement of seminal vesicles, and extension of disease to lymph nodes Because of the inadequacy of DRE for staging, the staging...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 02:20

... during his lifetime and thus require treatment, and the probability that the tumor can be cured by single-modality therapy directed at the prostate or requires both local and systemic therapy ... or systemic) and cancer-specific and overall survival; however, these outcomes may take years to assess The more advanced the disease, the lower the probability of local control and the higher ... therapy, and brachytherapy (seed implantation) These are being refined continually to incorporate other clinical parameters and biologic determinants Surgical technique, radiation therapy delivery, and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 02:20

... the gland improves based on different biopsy algorithms and with imaging The result is better case selection and better surgical planning, which in turn have led to more rapid recovery and higher ... at multiple centers showed that at 3, 12, and 24 months following surgery, 58, 35, and 42% (respectively) wore pads in their underwear, and 24, 11, and 15% reported "a lot" of urine leakage Factors ... continence and potency Factors associated with incontinence include older age and shorter urethra length The specific surgical technique, open vs laparoscopic vs robotic, as well as the skill and experience...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 02:20

... of 0–4, 4–10, and >10 ng/mL were 98, 90, and 89%, respectively In a separate report of 201 patients who underwent posttreatment biopsies, 80% were negative, 17% were indeterminate, and 3% were ... prostatectomy, 74% for external beam radiation, and 84% for deferred treatment Arguing against active surveillance are the results of a Swedish randomized trial of radical prostatectomy vs active ... relative to active surveillance patients (4.6% vs 8.9%) and a lower risk of metastatic progression (hazard ratio 0.63) Case selection is critical, and the criteria to select men who can safely choose...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 02:20

... adrenal gland Surgical orchiectomy is the "gold standard" approach but is least acceptable to patients Medical therapies can be divided into agents that lower testosterone levels and antiandrogens ... tumors, the probability of metastatic progression was 37, 51, and 71% at 3, 5, and years, respectively If the time to recurrence was 10 months), the proportion ... (leuprolide acetate and goserelin acetate) initially produce a rise in luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone followed by a downregulation of receptors in the pituitary gland, which effects...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 02:20

... quality of life Combined androgen blockade—the administration of an antiandrogen plus a GnRH analogue or surgical orchiectomy—was designed to inhibit both testicular and adrenal androgens at the outset ... of randomized comparisons involving thousands of patients showed no advantage for combining an antiandrogen with surgical orchiectomy, while separate analyses of trials combining an antiandrogen ... increase, and the symptoms associated with hormone treatment abate PSA levels also begin to rise, and at some level treatment is restarted With this approach, multiple cycles of regression and proliferation...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 02:20

... 148:1549, 1992 Used with permission Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment Asymptomatic patients not require treatment regardless of the size of the gland, while those with an inability to urinate, gross ... surgery and those with high postvoid residuals who may need other interventions Pressure-flow studies detect primary bladder dysfunction Cystoscopy is recommended if hematuria is documented and to ... tract problems Medical therapies for BPH include 5α-reductase inhibitors and α-adrenergic blockers Finasteride (10 mg/d PO) and other 5α-reductase inhibitors that block the conversion of testosterone...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 02:20

... multi-layer intimal hyperplasia? (2) what controls maintain the normal benign intimal hyperplasia? Differentiation of the tunica intima and normal benign intimal hyperplasia are controlled and maintained ... so striking in its resemblance to diseased hyperplasia that we have to name it "benign intimal hyperplasia" [69-71] However, normal or "benign" intimal hyperplasia, although microscopically identical ... phenotypes, normal intimal hyperplasia resembles the disease so strikingly that it has been named "benign intimal hyperplasia" [69-71]? Is it surprising that "benign intimal hyperplasia" is so well...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 16:21

... suicidal and selfinjurious Behavior and Borderline Symptoms with a one-year Follow-up Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2011 5:3 Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and take ... imagined abandonment A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently ... patients improved and consistently remained this way over a one-year period up to follow-up Adolescents with suicidal and non-suicidal selfinjurious behavior and traits of a borderline personality...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 18:21

... types and (dutasteride) in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia Urology 2002, 60:434-441 Pontari MA: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in elderly men: toward better understanding and ... arms – com- http://www.hqlo.com/content/7/1/55 bination (dutasteride and tamsulosin), dutasteride and placebo, and tamsulosin and placebo Responsiveness Responsiveness is the ability of an instrument ... QoL score and for the low medium and high impact categories on the BII The F statistics for the PPSM Total Score, PPSMGlobal and PPSM-Pain comparisons with the IPSS, IPSS QoL Item and BII were...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 18:20

... CCs between domains were 0.424 for disease and physical; 0.515 for physical and social; 0.777 for social and psychological; and 0.612 for psychological and satisfaction Criterion validity of the ... Evaluation of symptoms and quality-of-life in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia Urology 2001, 58 (suppl):25–32 Hansen BJ, Flyger H and Brasso K, et al: Validation of prostatic hyperplasia Br J ... RS, Deverka PA and Chute CG, et al: Validation of a new quality of life questionnaire for benign prostatic hyperplasia J Clin Epidemiol 1992, 45:1431–1445 Bertaccini A, Martinelli A and Ceccarelli...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... of RMI1 and E2Fs in adipocytes, and causes a positive interaction between the molecules Increased expression of RMI1 and E2Fs regulates the cell cycle, leading to adipocyte hyperplasia and subsequent ... of RMI1 and E2Fs thereby regulates the cell cycle, leading to adipocyte hyperplasia and the development of obesity Further studies are clearly needed to explore the detailed mechanism and interaction ... Yoshino, Shun-ichiro Matsumoto, and Masanori Naitou at Astellas Pharma Inc., and Mses Chihiro Yamazaki and Rie Fujikawa at Trans Genic Inc for their helpful advice and support The intake of excess...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 01:20

... following manner: “Other specified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms excluding pineoblastoma (IIIe)” and “Unspecified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms (IIIf)” were combined into one category, ... Agency Washington, DC 20460, 1997 Preston-Martin S and Mack WJ Neoplasms of the nervous system In: Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention D Schottenfeld and JF Fraumeni eds Oxford University Press, New ... Boice JD, Alfandary E, Stovall M, Chetrit A, and Katz L Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood N Engl J Med 1988;319:1033-1039 Shore RE, Albert RE, and Pasternack...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 02:21

... Accurate and meaningful terminology will be achieved only if those in the field agree on one and accept it and use it The aberrations of normal development and involution (ANDI) concept and terminology ... Norway and Cheatle and Cutler12 in the UK and their disease descriptions and data are still worth serious study However, Cheatle and Cutler gave the name ‘cystiphorous desquamative epithelial hyperplasia ... surgical and autopsy specimens and showed a gradation between normal lobules and fibroadenomas, and between involuting lobules and cyst formation He also showed that papillary epithelial hyperplasia...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 28/07/2014, 23:22

... Histologies! subtype Free Enclosed Healed ix1 epithelmnij glands and struma Glands and slroma only Lapuroscopic appearance Prulirbrative, secretory and in eni [ [IM! changes liaemorrhagic vesicle/bleb ... raciaFi •eiflence ^monysl unentgl i •i ivampn ol Vascular and lymplialic spn and lymphatic ema fe Joints, skin, tfdr'ey and &• Tliere Is dlnost ceMandy an •: It is nnt known why some women acquire this, ... regiirgllatlan and implantation It Has been suggp?tedthatendc>mehQ&is results t'timtha relrourade merslruBl regurglHlldii ol viable endomenlal glands andtissuettithmthe msn&trual fluid and subsequent...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 16:20

... endometrial hyperplasia of uterus, characterized by dilated cystic glands H & E stain, ×100 histopathological examination Histopathologically, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, endometritis and endometrial ... cystic glands, glandular proliferation in adenomatous clusters, or hyperplasia of the surface endometrium resulting in irregular folds or polypoid projections into the lumen (Fig 2) Cystic glands ... progesterone derivative, were marked mammary stimulation, hyperplastic and neoplastic changes in the mammary glands, and clinical and pathologic changes typical pathologic changes of diabetes mellitus...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 18:21