enhanced vagal activity the vaso vagal reaction

... Careful analysis of the correlation between the clinical symptoms and the extent of the lesion led to the conclusion 27 that experimental rest tremor is the result of damage to the nigro-striatal ... importance of the direct projections from the motor cortex to the STN (the “hyper-direct” pathway”, (Nambu, 2004)) indicates that, like the striatum, the STN is an input stage of the basal ganglia ... al., 2006) These findings contributed to the formulation and the popularity of the direct/indirect model of the basal ganglia (see above) Nevertheless, several studies have failed to find the expected...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 17:20

... input to the basal ganglia (22) The close relationship between neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex and the STN is suggested by the fact that oscillatory activity in the STN and the pallidum ... In turn, the GPe conveys the information to the STN, which then relays it to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, the GPi, and the SNr (Fig 1) Striatal neurons that give rise to the direct ... dopaminergic cells in the SNr, whereas the associative striatum is mainly innervated by the medial SNc and VTA On the other hand, the limbic striatum receives inputs from the VTA, whereas the RRA projects...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 23:20

... all their doubts in the terse phrase that L-dopa ‘‘was the right therapy for the wrong reason’’ (Ward, 1970; Jasper, 1970); and, finally, there was the statement that ‘‘since L-dopa floods the ... of the state-action matrix in the actor part of the basal ganglia networks is achieved by decorrelation of the spiking activity of the pallidal neurons (output stage of the basal ganglia) The ... project to the motor portion of the striatum (the putamen) with relative sparing of other striatal areas The magnitude of the behavior- al effect of SNc lesions is explained by the fact that the basal...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 17:20

... atrophy, or withering of brain cells on the cortex (the surface of the brain), indicates that the brain has shrunk WHAT IS THE BASIS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS? To be diagnosed with dementia, the patient ... a structure called the corpus callosum, which allows the left and the right side of the brain to communicate The outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere is called the cortex The cerebral hemisphere ... breathing The brain regions affected by dementias are located both in the outer layers of the brain, the cortex, and in deeper structures of the brain The cerebral cortex is the area of the brain...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 18:20

... affecting half the body) usually point to the brain rather than the spinal cord as the origin of the deficits This is clearly the case if the face or head is involved If the hemisyndrome spares the face, ... while the patient walks Normally with each step, the patient plants the heel with the foot dorsiflexed and then rocks the foot forward to push off with the ball of the foot Weakness of the feet ... immobilize all but the distal phalanx, asking the patient to relax the finger With the other hand, the Chapter / Patients With Movement Disorders 15 examiner grasps the tip of the patient’s finger,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 23:20

... dementias The first of these was establishing the National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health, and the strategic plan for Alzheimer’s Foreword xiii disease under the direction of the ... “alphasyncleinopathy.” Uncovering the molecular signature of these diseases is as xiv Foreword important to the field now as the discovery of acetylcholine deficiency was in the 1970s, as research into the cellular ... Neuropsychological Effects on the Brain Edited by Cheryl D Conrad The Handbook of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias Edited by Andrew E Budson and Neil W Kowall The Handbook of the Neuropsychology...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 21:20

... decreased activity in the striatonigral pathway These effects (the former leading to disinhibition of the subthalamic nucleus) lead to increased activity of the GABAergic neurons of the output ... degenerative changes occur at other sites, including the locus ceruleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the hypothalamus, the nucleus basalis of Meynert and the sympathetic ganglia Cortical ... Typically, there is loss of at least 50% of the melanincontaining nerve cells of the substantia nigra, the changes concentrating in the central part of the zona compacta (Figure 3) Accompanying these...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 22:20

... increased activity of the striatopallidal pathway and decreased activity in the direct pathway These effects (the former leading to disinhibition of the subthalamic nucleus) lead to increased activity ... Index 73 Anatomy The neurons of the corpus striatum receive an excitatory input from the cerebral cortex and the thalamus The major outputs project to the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra ... tremor) 76 3 1 Together with Lewy body formation, degenerative changes occur at other sites, including the locus ceruleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the hypothalamus, the nucleus basalis...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 22:20

... placement of the paw relative to the treadmill belt The color images were converted to their binary matrix equivalents, and the areas (in pixels) of the approaching or retreating paws relative to the ... attempted to walk, but failed to engage the hind limbs in coordinated stepping Rather, these mice braced their hind paws onto the base of the sidewalls of the walking compartment (Figure 4, upper ... which includes the stance duration when the paw of a limb is in http://www.jneuroengrehab.com/content/2/1/20 contact with the walking surface, plus the swing duration when the paw of the same limb...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... Terminal expressing either D1 or D2 receptor Postsynaptic neuron Figure 16 Synthesis and metabolism of dopamine within the central nervous system The green arrows indicate the sites at which various ... dopaminergic activity COMT, catechol O-methyltransferase; +, by stimulation; –, by inhibition ©2004 CRC Press LLC Figure 17 Dystonic posturing secondary to dopa therapy There is hyperextension of the ... hyperextension of the left big toe Figure 18 Dystonic posturing of the right thumb and little finger (on the left) secondary to dopa therapy ©2004 CRC Press LLC Figure 19 CT of a patient with previous...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... seen; black arrows) The remainder of the Purkinje cell layer (seen between the white arrows) consists only of small astrocytic cells Atrophy of the central white matter in the cerebellar folia ... T2-weighted MRI (upper) shows hyperintensity of the middle cerebellar peduncles and the cerebellum The axial proton-density MRI (lower) shows hyperintensity of the transverse pontine fibers, middle cerebellar ... showing symmetrical atrophy and discoloration of the putamen ©2004 CRC Press LLC Figure 34 Histology of striatonigral degeneration shows atrophy of the putamen with rarefaction and gliosis (H &...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... of the hand consequent to perinatal hypoxia Figure 58 Dystonic posturing of the foot consequent to perinatal hypoxia There is inversion of the foot and relative dorsiflexion of the big toe of the ... views of dystonic posturing of the left hand of a patient with corticobasal degeneration In particular, note the ulnar deviation at the wrist and the abducted posture of the little finger ©2004 CRC ... foot compared with the right ©2004 CRC Press LLC Figure 59 CTs showing focal ischemic change (black arrows) in the right frontal region with deep extension and dilatation of the right frontal...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... disease shows atrophy and rarefaction of the putamen (black arrows) Loss of myelin bundles in the putamen contrasts with the more normal appearances in the globus pallidus (white arrow; Luxol ... shows the presence of highsignal areas (arrowed) in the substantia nigra in a patient with chronic acquired hepatocerebral degeneration ©2004 CRC Press LLC Figure 66 T1-weighted MRI shows the presence ... disease shows symmetrical atrophy and brown discoloration (arrowed) of the caudate and putamen together with dilatation of the lateral ventricles Figure 69 Histological section of brain in Huntington's...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... for the treatment exposure If neither the investigators nor the study subjects know who was allocated into the treatment group or the control group, then the RCT was “double-blinded.” Neither ... effect on the adenoma formation Taken together, the results of these three groups, the efficacy of berry preparations, Mirtoselect from V myrtillus, and C3G in the Min/+ mouse, warrant the further ... 2004), it is not known whether digoxin will remain as the standard therapy for heart failure (Hauptman and Kelly, 1999) In the future, there might be other uses for digitoxin There is evidence that...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 05:20

... induces the synthesis of antioxidants [22] Alterations in mitochondrial proteins, on the other hand, are specifically linked to one of the major pathogenetic mechanisms of PD [5] Worthy of note is the ... These proteins deal with the regulation of the cytoskeleton, transcription and cell growth, signal transduction and mitochondrial trafficking Network enrichment highlights the involvement of the ... a-synuclein overexpression, without any a priori hypothesis [4,11,12] SH-SY5Y cells couple good dopamine transporter activity with a low activity of the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, such...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 01:20