constants and conversion factors

... Surface temperature AVHRR Use band (0.550.90 àm) and (0.721.10 àm) Use band (0.630.69 àm) and (0.750.90 àm) Use band (0.630.69 àm) and (0.760.86 àm) Use band (0.550.90 àm) and (0.721.10 àm) Use a split ... Oklahoma reservoirs and streams; and analysis of the integrated effects of management, land use, and climate on regional water resources Bekele Temesgen is an Associate Land and Water Use Analyst ... those used by Prince and Goward (1995) and Andersen (1996) MODTRAN3 calculates the surface emitted radiance and radiometric transmittance and emitted ux of energy through and by the atmosphere...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... • The U.S Landsat satellite series includes two MSS systems The original Landsat MSS (on board systems launched between 1972 and 1978) includes four spectral bands in the visible and near-infrared ... m The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) instrument (since 1982) includes six bands in the visible, near-, and mid-infrared regions, with a spatial resolution of 30 m (and a thermal infrared band with ... currents and circulation patterns in lakes and oceans Both optical and radar data are used to monitor flooding, including flooding beneath a forest canopy in the case of radar Wetlands delineation and...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:20

... channels and 5) of 0.9650 and 0.9837, and for two selected viewing angles: 0◦ and 55◦ The mean standard deviations associated with these errors These results allow us to draw a conclusion and identify ... subscripts 11 and 12 refer to the split window channels, and i and j refer to two neighboring pixels for which the surface temperature changes measurably and have the same surface emissivity Over land, ... (U94), Becker and Li 1995 (GRTR), and Sobrino et al 1993 (So93), and give the lowest standard deviations together with the lowest biases They all account for spectral emissivities and only one...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... Fine sandy loam Loamy fine sand Soil classification STATSGO soil data Fine sandy loam Loam Silt loam Loamy fine sand Silt loam Silt loam Very fine sandy loam Loam Fine sandy loam Fine sandy loam ... data from Landsat TM Band (0.63–0.69 µm) and Band (0.76– 0.90 µm) were converted to exoatmospheric reflectance using the calibration coefficients and solar irradiance data given by Markham and Barker ... 3.6 Land cover map derived from the unsupervised classification of data from six of the Landsat TM bands from the August 18, 1994, image (see Colour Plate XVI) Land cover type Information on land...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... calibration constants for Landsat-5 TM band 6, surface temperature Ts (λ) is determined by (Markham and Barker 1986) Ts (λ) = C2 ln((C1 /Ls (λ)) + 1) (4.9) where C1 and C2 are the calibration constants ... B.L and J.L Barker (1986) Landsat MSS and TM post-calibration dynamic ranges, exoatmospheric reflectances and at-satellite temperatures EOSAT Landsat Technical Notes, Vol 1, pp 3–8 Markham, B.L and ... L(λ) E(λ) dλ (4.6) 0.3 where E(λ) is the solar irradiance in band λ and U(λ) and L(λ) are the upper and lower wavelengths of each TM bandpass, respectively An assumption that the surface responds...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... Temperature (°C) Figure 6.8 Measured soil and surface radiometric temperatures (circles and triangles for boxes and 2) and simulated (continuous curves) soil and surface radiometric temperatures for ... idealized sunlit conditions (from Capehart and Carlson 1997) “chap06” — 2004/1/20 — page 187 — #3 188 Carlson et al Studies by Ek and Cuenca (1994) and Capehart and Carlson (1997) showed that soil water ... of the soil and during the wettest periods and we set the lowest meter readings equal to zero This was done individually for boxes 1, 3, and Box appeared to need no such adjustment and no scaling...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... Quattrochi and M.F Goodchild (eds) Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS CRC Lewis, New York, pp 113–39 Garratt, J.R and B.B Hicks (1973) Momentum, heat and water vapor transfer to and from natural and artificial ... reflection and absorption of radiation in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths is markedly different for vegetation and soils, the visible and near-infrared reflectances of the soil and vegetation ... radiation depends on LAI, and if LAI = 0.5, κL = 0.95 (Campbell and Norman 1997); LC , LS and Lsky are the long-wave emissions from the canopy, soil, and sky, respectively LC , LS , and Lsky are computed...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... Castans 1976, 1983; Landsberg and Mallinson 1976; Press 1976; De Vos and Pauwels 1981, 1986; Jeter 1981; Gribik and Osterle 1984; Haught 1984; Landsberg 1986; Bejan 1987; Bošnjakovi´ and Knoche 1988; ... mass (CM) exergy, U, V, and S are the initial internal energy, volume, and entropy of the system, respectively, and U0 , V0 , and S0 are the internal energy, volume, and entropy of the system ... absorption, and meteorological and oceanographic circulation will degrade much of the incoming solar exergy And, as argued elsewhere (Kay 1984; Kay and Schneider 1992; Schneider and Kay 1994),...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... the blackbodies on the wand are located), Li is the radiance reaching the sensor in the ith band, and gi (To ) and ci (To ) are the band dependent multiplicative (gain) and additive (bias) effects ... is the entrance aperture radiance in band i and mij (To ) and bij (To ) are the end-to-end instrument gain and bias The functional dependence of the gain and bias on the temperature(s) (To ) of ... In standards jargon, the melt point blackbodies are used as primary standards and the oil baths as secondary standards Rigorously speaking, even the melt-point blackbodies are secondary standards...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... (11.4) where LEd and Rnd are the daily evapotranspiration and net radiation, A and B are constants depending on the canopy, and Ts − Ta is the instantaneous difference between surface and air temperatures ... (lower band), 0.43 K (upper band) 1K Continuously operating and transmitting images in L band to local stations The typical orbit of this satellite is sunsynchronous, with an altitude of 825 km and ... host satellite (Earth Watch or any other), the MUST on-board data handling and communications (L-band) facilities are stand-alone and independent from the host satellite payload The MUST sensor...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... backscattering and L-Band SM for vegetated and harvested area (July 02 data) 69 Figure 22: SAR backscattering and L-Band SM for vegetated and harvested area (July 12 data) 69 Figure 23: Landsat Thematic ... layer by size, shape and dielectric constants of leaves and branches; trunk layer by size and density of trunks in the area and finally underlying surface by dielectric constant and surface roughness ... accurately predict the magnitude and the timing of extreme events and natural hazards such as extreme weather, floods, and droughts Active and passive remote sensing systems and especially those operating...

Ngày tải lên: 13/11/2014, 15:53

... of land surface temperature in 1989, 1998 and 2006 4.3 The relationship between LST and land cover types The relationship between LST and land cover types was investigated for further understanding ... imperviousness and heat island effects Land surface temperature (ToC) 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 Industrial zone urban bare land 1/16/1989 land after land under crop crop 1/25/1998 forest water Land ... 2.2 Data sets Landsat TM and Aster images were used as the main data source in this research Two Landsat TM images have seven bands, included six reflective bands in visible, near- and midinfrared...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 16:20

... spectral, multi‐resolution and multi‐temporal  data  and turns  them  into  valuable  information  for  understanding  and monitoring  urban  land  processes  and for  building  urban  land  cover  datasets  ... data (satellite images), along with fields check  and existing  maps.  Land  cover  patterns  for  1989  and 2002  were  mapped  by  using  Landsat TM and ETM data (Dates: 16 January  1989  and 13  February  2002).  Five  types  of  land  ... sensing  and geographic  information  systems  (GIS)  has  been  widely  applied  and has  been  recognized as a powerful and effective tool in  detecting  urban  land  use  and land  cover ...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 15:20

... above.6 • Main rivers and lakes: Within the landscape rivers and lakes have two different functions On one hand they are natural barriers separating landscapes, and on the other hand they can serve ... the factors with the land cover changes was checked Accessibility and slope showed a correlation, and we are thus able to explain ix changes in land cover Elevation in fact is linked with the land ... Land cover The land cover data was provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) and represents the land cover in 2002 The dataset is part of a forest cover and land use changes...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 11:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 00:20

... infrastructure and the social, economic and cultural traditions of the country Sustainable land use and development is based on two critical factors Firstly, national, regional and local policy and leadership, ... Nino, climate and weather prediction, ocean mapping and monitoring, wetland degradation, vegetation mapping, soil mapping, natural disaster and hazard assessment and mapping, and land cover maps ... in green leaves and different bark types in Eucalyptus sieberi Note the features around 1750 nm, 2270 nm, 2300 nm and 2350 nm Data content of broadband (Landsat) and narrow-band (IRIS) sensors...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 02:22

... climate and nzan on land transforn~ationin central Sudan PhD thesis Lund University, Lund, Sweden Aleksander, I and Morton, H., 1990, An introduction to rleural computing London, Chapman and Hall ... intensity and effective rainfall and development of patches in grazing areas (Rietkerk 1998) In Figure 2.1 (taken from Rietkerk et al 1996 and Rietkerk 1998), the controlling variables are rainfall and ... between 0.6 and 1.5 Other examples of Copyright 2002 Andrew Skidmore 16 Environmental Modellins with CIS and Remote Sensing empirical models where thresholds are used include CART (see 2.3.2) and BIOCLIM...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 02:22

... resolution: 30 m (PAN: 15 m, band 6: 60 m) Spectral bands (pm): band 0.45-0.52; band 0.52-0.60; band 0.63-0.69; band 0.76-0.90; band 1.55-1.75; band 10.4-12.50; band 2.08-2.35; band (PAN) 0.50-0.90 Field ... Spatial resolution TM: 30 m (band 6:120 m) Spectral bands TM (pm): band 0.45-0.52; band 0.52-0.60; band 0.63-0.69; band 0.76-0.90; band 1.55-1.75;band 10.4-12.50; band 2.08-2.35 Field of view (FOV): ... single visible and near infrared channels Band looks at gelbstoffe, bands and at chlorophyll, band at pigment, band at suspended sediments Bands , and look at atmospheric aerosols, and are provided...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 02:22

... thematic detail Anderson (1976) distinguished three different levels in land cover maps: Anderson level I corresponds to broad land cover classes such as forest versus grassland; Anderson level ... regression (Pereira and Itami 1991; Buckland and Elston 1993; Osborne and Tigar 1992; Walker 1990; Rodriguez 1997), discriminant analysis (Haworth and Thompson 1990), classification and regression ... disturbance-related factors: distance to roads and distance to houses Clark et al (1993) included seven land attributes: land cover, elevation, slope, aspect, distance to roads, distance to streams and forest...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 02:22