characteristics on engineering drawings

... his most recent paper on junk bonds, Altman (1989) used a mortality rate concept to measure default rates conditional on the age of the bond Altman found that the cumulative bond mortality increases ... Firm's Characteristics On Junk-Bond Default 55 ENDNOTES 1. Our definition of debt represents obligations due more than one year from the company's balance sheet date. It includes bonds, mortgages ... originally issued, the realized returns on older bonds may be less than those on newly issued ones. Consequently, in a market Journal Of Financial And Strategic Decisions 50 a firm is likely to finance...

... ABSTRACT Mechanical Engineering is one of the most basic engineering sciences and technical translation makes much contribution to its development. Technical term translation is part of technical translation, ... technical translation especially translation in mechanical engineering, dictionaries editing, English language teaching as well as for the standardization of Vietnamese mechanical engineering terminology. ... terms. The thesis aims to draw out common translation strategies which can be applied in the English-Vietnamese translation of terms in materials for mechanical engineering. Hopefully, the result...

... particular research. One survey questionnaire with 9 questions were designed for EEE students to identify their opinions on reading lessons and to find out their expectation to achieve better ... improve their reading. 5. Organization of the study This study consists of 3 parts: Introduction, development and conclusion The first part concludes the rationale for choosing the topic of the ... of the students consider that reading English for EEE necessary for their future job (98.7%). Only one student disagrees in this question. Question 3 Number of responses % Strongly agree 59...

... Society) 23 • Connotation of frequency: common, uncommon • Connotation of register: normal usage, technical, medical… • Connotation of evaluation: positively evaluative, ironic, pejorative • Connotation ... English- Vietnamese translation of mechanical engineering terms. Part C: Conclusion The conclusion summarizes a number of common translation strategies and makes some comments on them. In addition, Part C gives ... someone named in the terms. The second group include terms consisting of prepositions such as of, in, with, and so on. For example: connection in parallel, acceleration of gravity, piston with...

... of D-glucose oxidation on PS-1 catalyst On the other hand, the reaction on Pt/SBA- 15 catalysts with pH control not only showed a high conversion, but also high D-gluconic acid selectivity. ... oxidation of glucose. When the reaction was performed without pH control on PS-1 catalyst, the conversion decreased significantly. The pH at the end of the reaction was about 2.7. This condition ... adsorption-desorption methods and the products of the oxidation reaction were determined to estimate the effect of Pt contents, pH and catalysts’ nature on the reaction conversion and gluconic acid...

... drastically different conformations. In addition, pVIPR is bound in a canonical single conformation by B*2709, but in an exceptional dual conformation by the AS-associated B*2705 subtype. One of the conformations ... established that protonation of ionizable groups in folded proteins may contribute to their conformational stability [14]. Among the HLA-B27 subtypes, HLA-B*2705 (in short, B*2705) is strongly associated ... environment on HLA-B27 H. Fabian et al. 1720 FEBS Journal 278 (2011) 1713–1727 ª 2011 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2011 FEBS pLys3 in the canonical conformation or with pArg5 in the noncanonical...

... stimulate endochondral ossification, with all other conditions corresponding to areas of connective fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage. Their theory was based on observations that bone formation occurs ... evaluation Table 2-1: Summary of computational models of tissue differentiation. vii Contents Contents vii Summary ix List of original publications xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Bone fracture ... respectively. Primary bone formation requires a stable, low-strain mechanical environment and endochondral bone formation will proceed only after the soft tissues have stabilized the environment sufficiently...

... effect of oxalacetate concentration on the decarboxylation reaction at a fixed concentration of oxamate is shown in Fig. 6B. In this case, substrate inhibition at high concentration of oxalacetate ... and monomer, respectively, and the elution profile was not dependent on the protein concentra- tion. (C) and (D) The elution profile of PC-(BC) was markedly dependent on the protein concentration: ... true concen- tration of free Mg 2+ calculated based on the dissociation constant for MgATP of 0.0143 m M [19] was only 1% different from the approximate value. At high ATP concen- trations, substrate...

... Electron concentration is thus believed to be mainly determined by the concentration of oxygen vacancies like any other metal oxide semiconductors. The rather fast increase of electron concentration ... Introduction The semiconductor gas sensing devices are based on the conductivity change of the semiconductor material due to its interaction with gas. When gas molecules are adsorbed on the surface ... electrons from the semiconductor. In the opposite case, the semiconductor accepts electrons from the adsor- bates. This electron transfer continues until the Fermi level of the gas-adsorbed semiconductor...

... and “where.” The Do-specialist replaces the predicate DO (from the verb “do”) with a more specific verb chosen from those acquired for a domain. Although “do” does not appear as the main verb very often in the database query task , the translators deduce its implied presence in some queries—for instance in such comparative questions as “What countries cover more area than Peru Ldoes~?”. The comparative specialist examines the two arguments of a comparison to determine whether the comparison to be made is between two attribute values (e.g., Jack’s height and seven feet) or between an entity and some value (e.g., Jack and seven feet). In the latter case, TEAM tries to identify the appropriate attribute of the entity (e.g., Jack’s height). 2.3.4 Database Schema The translation from logical form to SODA query requires knowing the exact structure of the target database and the manner in which the predicates appearing in the logical form are associated with the relations in the database. This information is provided by the database schema, which includes the following information8: • Definition of sorts in terms of database relations (subject) or fields (and field value for sorts derived from feature fields). 8The schema translator also uses certain information in the conceptual schema, including taxonomic information in the sort hierarchy and delineation information associated with nonsort predicates. — 18 — Figure 5: Acquiring the Virtual Relations PKCONT and HEMIC window for questions and answers. When the DBE uses the mouse to select one of the items from the three menus, a set of questions appears in the question-answering area at the bottom of the display, to which he can then respond. One of the general principles of acquisition is evident from this display, namely, that the acqui sition is centered upon the relations and fields in the database, because this is the information most familiar to the DBE. The answers to each question can affect the lexicon, the conceptual schema, and the database schema. The DBE need not be aware of exactly why TEAM poses the questions it does—all he has to do is answer them correctly. Even the entries displayed in the word menu owe their presence to questions about the database. The DBE volunteers entries to this menu only in the case of verb acquisition, to supply an adjective corresponding to some noun already in TEAM’s lexicon, or to enter a synonym for some lexicon-resident word. The DBE is assumed not to have any knowledge of formal linguistics or of natural-language processing methods. He is assumed, however, to know some general facts about English—for example, what proper nouns, verbs, plurals, and tense are, but nothing more detailed than that. If more sophisticated linguistic information is required, as in the case of verb acquisition, TEAM proceeds by asking questions about sample sentences, allowing the DBE to rely on his intuition as a native speaker, and extracting the information it needs from his responses. Virtual relations are specified iconically. The left side of Figure 5 shows the acquisi tion of a virtual relation that identifies the continent (PKCONT-CONTINENT, derived from WORLDC-CONTINENT) of a peak (PKCONT-NAME, from PEAK-NAME) by performing a database join on the PEAK-COUNTRY and WORLDC-CONTINENT fields. Similarly, the right side of Figure 5 shows the acquisition of the virtual relation that encodes the hemisphere (HEMIC-HEMI) of a country (HEMIC.NAME) by joining on the WORLDC-CONTINENT and CONT-NAME fields. If he wishes, the DBE can change previous answers. Incremental updates are possible because most of the methods for updating the various TEAM structures (lexicon, schemata) were devised to undo the effects of previous answers before the effects of new answers could be asserted. Help information is always available to assist the DBE when he is unsure how to answer a question. Selecting the question text with the mouse produces a more elaborate description of the information TEAM is trying to elicit, usually accompanied by pertinent examples. Finally, the acquisition component keeps track of what information remains to be supplied before TEAM has the minimum it needs to handle queries. The DBE does not have to determine himself how much information is sufficient; all he has to do is to perceive that no acquisition window indicates remaining unanswered questions. Of course, the DBE can always provide information beyond the minimum—for example, by supplying additional verbs, derived adjectives, or synonyms. — 20 —