categorial and noncategorial languages

... categorial ]ar~guages with the context-free languages. Finally, we discuss the linguistic relevance of these results, and compare categorial grammars with TAG systems i, this regard. A categorial ... CATEGORIAL AND NON -CATEGORIAL LANGUAGES Joyce Friedman Ramarathnam Venkatesan ABSTRACT Computer Science Department ... context sensitive languages. Main Theorem A categorial system with rule set R can generate a context-sensitive language if and only if R contains a partial combination rule and a combination...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 20:20

... and will to face hardships and adversities, and also has the ingenuity and determination to preserve himself and improve on his livelihood by fighting against nature. He is most practical and ... both his present demand and his future concerning. He always had objectives to attain and to better his actual life: a fine place to live in, good and delicious food to eat and to drink, etc. ... reality, the phenomena” land hedging and soil plundering” occurred. Farmers were driven out of their own lands and fields were turned into pastures for sheep-raising and wood-making industries....

Ngày tải lên: 18/04/2013, 23:49

... high-level languages, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL,PL/1, PASCAL or BASIC, depending on the type of problem to be solved. A program written in one of these languages is often called a source program, and ... many high-level languages: FORTRAN acronym for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used for solving scientific and mathematical problems. It consists of algebraic formulae and English phrases. ... langauges are APL (developed in 1962) and PASCAL (named after Blaise Pascal and developed in 1971) When a program written in one of these high-level languages is designed to do a specific...

Ngày tải lên: 18/01/2014, 07:20

Ngày tải lên: 17/04/2014, 09:45

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 08:20

... the world community and at the same time into the world market. Due to economic, political and social changes, there are definitely new and growing linguistic needs and demands. The move from ... ISBN 978-92-79-06902-4 Chandra Shah & Michael Long. (2007). Labour mobility and mutual recognition of skills and qualifications: European Union and Australia/New Zealand. MONASH UNIVERSITY, ... closer at the demand for foreign languages in the context of Vietnam. After that, it will attempt to present the situation of foreign languages learning and teaching in Vietnam and existing foreign...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2012, 15:36

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 08:20

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 00:41

... into their stem and suffix forms is beneficial when the split is performed using a morphologi- cal analyzer and (ii) allowing the model to choose stem and suffix dependencies separately and flex- ibly ... experiment with splitting words into their stem and suffix components for mod- eling morphologically rich languages. We show that using a morphological ana- lyzer and disambiguator results in a sig- nificant ... rich languages pose a challenge to stan- dard modeling techniques because of their rela- tively large out-of-vocabulary rates and the regu- larities they possess at the sub-word level. The standard...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... 10) (feedback on failures and successes), recording the history and current status of the problem solving process, and giving the user comprehensible and powerful co,ands. ll) Experimental ... Ministry computers and declared: '~e are computer workers and therefore well placed to know the present and future dangers of computer systems. They are used to classify, control and to repress.") ... the formation of questions or commands. A precise and concise notation may actually help the user in thinking of relevant questions or effective corm"ands. A small number of well defined...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 20:20

... levels of proficiency, needs, and interests. Since CLT was introduced, the teacher’s roles have been taken into consideration. Breen and Candlin (cited in Richards and Rodgers (1986) [13]) claim: ... is that of researcher and learner, with much to contribute in terms of appropriate knowledge and abilities, actual and observed experience of the nature of learning and organizational capacities.” ... 1997) requires teachers and students to build a community of learning and teaching where there is no fear of failure and where sharing is for common interests. - Teachers and students VNU Journal...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 12:20

... multi- dimensional, and can be described or seen in various ways, including both wet (experimental) and dry (com- putational and theoretical), reductionist and synthetic, qualitative and quantitative, and a ... [38,44]). Figure 2C, D and E highlight the basic and iterative relations between computational models and reality on one hand and between changes in the model that are invoked and its subsequent ... data (obser- vations) and ideas (hypotheses); theory, computation and experiment; and the iterative assessment of the parameters and variables in such computational mod- els and experiments. The...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 12:20

... functions and design of the executive routine and sub- routines. In this type of parsing program, the function of the executive routine will be to determine what units to look for and where ... separation of grammar and algorithm is considered far from convincing. It does raise a related question, how- ever: If the major separation is not to be that between grammar and algorithm, what ... the grammar as the actual parsing algorithm and to view the remaining portions as forms of input data. 5. Leaving aside the matters of rule format and input data, two further questions can...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 18:20

... respectively. • B 3 (Bagga and Baldwin, 1998). R and P are computed for each mention and averaged at the end. For each mention, the number of common mentions between the true and the system entity ... obtain R and P, respectively. • CEAF (Luo, 2005). It finds the best one-to- one alignment between true and system en- tities. Using true mentions and the φ 3 sim- ilarity function, R and P are ... done for English and used two different types of corpus: MUC (Hirschman and Chinchor, 1997) and ACE (Doddington et al., 2004). A variety of learning-based systems have been trained and tested on...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... the languages and V C is the set of nodes labeled by the consonants. E is the set of edges that run between V L and V C . There is an edge e ∈ E between two nodes v l ∈ V L and v c ∈ V C if and only ... to the fact that languages usu- ally tend to have smaller consonant inventory size, 2 A random variable is said to have a β-distribution with parameters α > 0 and β > 0 if and only if its ... inventory size from 21 to 25, 30 and 38 we neglected the contribution of the languages with consonant inventory size less than n where n is 15, 20 and 25 respectively and subsequently recorded the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:21

... words and mark them nouns. 5 Future Work and Conclusion At present our tagset covers 14 general lexical categories and altogether 43 small categories (sub-classification). Both the tagset and the ... for use in lexicography and other natural language processing tasks. Focus will also be on a more detailed synchronous and longitudinal study of the verb-noun and other categorial shifts, with ... linguistic phenomenon, as well as for lexicography and natural language processing. In Section 2, we first discuss POS ambiguity and categorial fluidity in Chinese and the diffi- culty thus posed on tagging....

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... concept acquisition framework (Davi- dov and Rappoport, 2006; Davidov et al., 2007; Davidov and Rappoport, 2008a; Davidov and Rappoport, 2008b) to suit diverse languages, in- cluding ones without ... integrate multilingual queries and docu- ments (Jagarlamudi and Kumaran, 2007). Our goal is to develop and evaluate a language- independent method for the translation and exten- sion of lexical categories. ... X. 178 English→Portuguese: afilhada,afilhado,amigo,av ´ o,av ˆ o,bisav ´ o,bisav ˆ o, bisneta,bisneto,c ˆ onjuge,cunhada,cunhado,companheiro, descendente,enteado,filha,filho,irm ˜ a,irm ˜ ao,irm ˜ aos,irm ˜ as, madrasta,madrinha,m ˜ ae,marido,mulher,namorada, namorado,neta,neto,noivo,padrasto,pai,papai,parente, prima,primo,sogra,sogro,sobrinha,sobrinho,tia,tio,vizinho Hebrew→French: amant,ami,amie,amis,arri ` ere-grand-m ` ere, arri ` ere-grand-p ` ere,beau-fr ` ere,beau-parent,beau-p ` ere,bebe, belle-fille,belle-m ` ere,belle-soeur,b ` eb ` e,compagnon, concubin,conjoint,cousin,cousine,demi-fr ` ere,demi-soeur, ´ epouse, ´ epoux,enfant,enfants,famille,femme,fille,fils,foyer, fr ` ere,garcon,grand-m ` ere,grand-parent,grand-p ` ere, grands-parents,maman,mari,m ` ere,neveu,ni ` ece,oncle, papa,parent,p ` ere,petit-enfant,petit-fils,soeur,tante English→Spanish: abuela,abuelo,amante,amiga,amigo,confidente,bisabuelo, cu ˜ nada,cu ˜ nado,c ´ onyuge,esposa,esposo,esp ´ ıritu,familia, familiar,hermana,hermano,hija,hijo,hijos,madre,marido, mujer,nieta,nieto,ni ˜ no,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... capacity of parenthesis-free categorial gram- mars. In 11 th Intern. Conf. on Comput. Ling., 1986. [5] J. Friedman and R. Venkatesan. Categorial and Non- Categorial languages. In 24 Ch meeting ... that Combina- tory Categorial Grammars also generates the same class of languages. We discuss the slruclm'al descriptions pro- duced by Combinawry Categorial Grammars and com- pare them ... TAG's, HG's, and LIG's. We prove this by showing in Section 3 that Com- binatory Categorlal Languages (CCL's) are included in Linear Indexed Languages (LIL's), and that Tree...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 20:20