atrial fibrillation mechanisms and treatment

... Eplerenone and atrial fibrillation in mild systolic 25 26 Atrial Fibrillation - Mechanisms and Treatment heart failure: results from the EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitali‐ zation And ... atrial 33 34 Atrial Fibrillation - Mechanisms and Treatment pacing, and markedly reduces the promotion and maintenance of AF Also, probucol signifi‐ cantly reduces atrial oxidative stress and increases ... Smith P (2007) Candesartan in the prevention of relapsing atrial fibrillation Int J Cardiol 120 (1):85-91 doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.086 23 24 Atrial Fibrillation - Mechanisms and Treatment [109]...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 10:20

... of life and the contribution and understanding of the psychological dimension, emotional and psychiatric naturally had to be enrolled in this book The chapters on treatment modalities and new ... Diseases Highlights in the Clinic, Mechanisms and Treatment has allowed for significant advances in our understanding of gene expression, regulation, and function and continues to serve as an important ... compare differential gene-expression between control and case or patients before and after treatment, in order to find new genes and disease mechanisms and to define molecular signatures that can be...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... of life and the contribution and understanding of the psychological dimension, emotional and psychiatric naturally had to be enrolled in this book The chapters on treatment modalities and new ... Diseases Highlights in the Clinic, Mechanisms and Treatment has allowed for significant advances in our understanding of gene expression, regulation, and function and continues to serve as an important ... compare differential gene-expression between control and case or patients before and after treatment, in order to find new genes and disease mechanisms and to define molecular signatures that can be...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 10:20

... Johnson, M (2006) Molecular mechanisms of b2-adrenergic receptor function, response, and regulation The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 117, 18–24 quiz 25 Kandarian, S C & Jackman, R ... relaxation via reduced SR Ca2+-ATPase protein and activity American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 294, H2587–H2595 Sandri, M., Sandri, C., Gilbert, A., Skurk, C., Calabria, ... control of fat and lean deposition in livestock The Veterinary Journal, 167, 242–257 Sillence, M N & Matthews, M L (1994) Classical and atypical binding sites for b-adrenoceptor ligands and activation...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... Muscle Wasting and Weakness Gordon S Lynch Editor Sarcopenia – Age-Related Muscle Wasting and Weakness Mechanisms and Treatments Editor Gordon S Lynch Department of Physiology Basic and Clinical ... Serpe, and Francisco J López-Soriano Age-Related Remodeling of Neuromuscular Junctions Carlos B Mantilla and Gary C Sieck 37 Aging-Related Changes Motor Unit Structure and Function Alexander ... E Alway and Parco M Siu vii viii Contents Age-Related Changes in the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Mass 207 Aaron P Russell and Bertrand Lèger Genetic Variation and Skeletal...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... and weakness Research and development in academic and research institutions and in large and small pharma is being directed to sarcopenia and related issues to develop and evaluate novel therapies ... studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related changes in skeletal muscle and identifying strategies to combat sarcopenia and related muscle wasting conditions and neuromuscular ... that can attenuate, prevent, and potentially reverse age-related muscle wasting and weakness 3  Overview of Our Current Understanding of the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Sarcopenia...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... Roberto Serpe, and Francisco J López-Soriano Abstract  The aim of this chapter is to summarize and evaluate the different mechanisms and catabolic mediators involved in cancer cachexia and ageing ... understanding of muscle wasting mediators, both in cancer and ageing, in particular the identification of common mediators may prove as a good therapeutic strategies for both prevention and treatment ... the present chapter is to summarize and evaluate the different m ­ echanisms and catabolic mediators (both humoural and tumoural) involved in cancer cachexia and ageing sarcopenia since they may...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... serum amyloid A (SAA), a1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen, and complement factors B and C3) and by decreased circulating concentrations of albumin and transferrin An APP response is observed in a significant ... can be divided into two groups: type I and type II Type I proteins include SAA, CRP, C3, haptoglobin (rat) and a1-acid glycoprotein, and are induced by IL-1 and TNF Type II proteins include fibrinogen, ... (McMurtry and Rosenthal 1995) Weight loss in geriatric patients is not unusual (Fig. 3) Of nursing home residents, 30–50% have substandard body weight and midarm muscle circumferences, and low...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... over the mechanisms of lean tissue and body fat dissolution that occur in the patient with either cancer or inflammation and whether humoural factors regulate this process A better understanding ... of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 291, R674–R683 Chandra, R K (1983) Nutrition, immunity, and infection: present knowledge and future ­ directions Lancet, 1, 688–691 ... of physically inactive and active 25-month-old female rats Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 69, 161–166 Smith, K L & Tisdale, M J (1993) Increased protein degradation and decreased protein...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... different muscle fiber and motor unit types Generally, type IIx and IIb fibers (type FInt and FF motor units) have greater specific force than type I and IIa fibers (type S and FR motor units) Consequently, ... IIx and/ or IIb fibers than at type I and IIa fibers, and thus, a greater total number of synaptic vesicles in the readily releasable pool at type IIx and/ or IIb fibers compared to type I and ... changes in the size and distribution of synaptic vesicle pools, and/ or changes in the Age-Related Remodeling of Neuromuscular Junctions 39 extent of pre- and postsynaptic apposition and overlap Functionally,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... increased number of nerve terminal branches and greater complexity (Prakash and Sieck 1998; Courtney and Steinbach 1981; Andonian and Fahim 1989; Fahim and Robbins 1982; Fahim et  al 1983) The increased ... both rats and mice (Andonian and Fahim 1989; Fahim and Robbins 1982; Fahim et al 1983) In mice hind limb muscles, there are age-related reductions in the number and density of mitochondria and synaptic ... I and IIa fibers At type IIx and/ or IIb fibers, the extent of overlap between nerve terminals and motor end-plates increases with age but remains below that of type I and IIa fibers (Prakash and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... proposed by Krnjevic’ and Miledi (1958) and successfully used first by Edström and Kugelberg (1968), Burke et al (1971), Brandstater and Lambert (1969, 1973), and Doyle and Mayer (1969) After ... Einsiedel et  al 1992; Einsiedel and Luff 1992; Hashizume et  al 1988; Ishihara et  al 1987; Kanda and Hashizume 1989; Pettigrew and Gardiner 1987) By calculating interfiber and nearest neighbor distances ... slow-twitch motor units over and above the borders of the motor units in the young animals (Larsson et al 1991a) Kanda and Hashizume (1991) Aging-Related Changes Motor Unit Structure and Function 59 reported...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... produced, and a strong-­ binding (to actin) structural state, in which force is produced (Figs. 4 and 6) The quantitative resolution by EPR of the weak-binding and strong-binding ­ pre- and ( post-powerstroke) ... Structural States of Myosin, and Myosin ATPase The basic process of muscle contraction is well understood and it is a result of cyclic interactions between myosin and actin, driven by the chemical ... absence of ATP and/ or the presence of ADP, the myosin head forms a strong and well-ordered complex with actin Binding of ATP to myosin produces a weaker complex where the catalytic domain and light...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... encompassing cytochromes b, c1 and the Rieske Fe-S center; complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) encompassing cytochromes a + a3 and CuA and CuB; and the H+-translocating ATP synthase (F1 and F0) (Figure adapted ... protein’s structural and functional integrity and in  vitro studies where there is an elevation in ROS and NOS show contractile inhibition (e.g., Callahan et al 2001; Lamb and Posterino 2003) ... I, II, and III encompass several iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, whereas complexes III and IV encompass the b + c1 and a + a3 cytochromes, respectively Electron transfer by complexes I, III and IV...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... myosin and actin and aging, both nitration and the formation of HNE adducts were evaluated (Thompson et  al 2006) The levels of these two markers of oxidative stress, 3-nitrotyrosine and HNE-adducts, ... scenario by which carbonylation impairs function and leads to further lipid perioxidation and modification and dysfunction of these proteins 7.8  Glycation and Aging Skeletal Muscle Protein glycation ... to the similar amounts of 3-nitrotyrosine and HNE-adducts on myosin and actin with age, the results of several other investigations suggest that actin and myosin have protein-specific differences...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... hindlimb muscles from young and aged rats Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 125, 619–627 Marston, S B & Taylor, E W (1980) Comparison of the myosin and actomyosin ATPase mechanisms of the types ... structural and functional modifications of the motor unit and the neuromuscular junction with aging A better understanding of the triad proteins involved in muscle ECC and nerve/muscle interactions and ... for muscle physiology Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 29, 3–6 Thompson, L V., Durand, D., Fugere, N A., Ferrington, D A (2006) Myosin and actin expression and oxidation in aging muscle Journal...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... (Payne and Delbono 2004) Several groups have reported skeletal muscle denervation and reinervation and motor unit remodeling or loss in aging rodents or humans (Hashizume et  al 1988; Kanda and ... 2000b; Messi and Delbono 2003; Lauretani et  al 2006); decreased maximal i ­sometric force and slower sliding speed of actin on myosin (Brooks and Faulkner 1994; Hook et  al 1999); and impaired ... muscle, and its expression decreases with aging It colocalizes with the Ca2+-release channel (the ryanodine receptor) and interacts with calsequestrin and the skeletal muscle DHPRa1 subunit (Anderson...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... intact fast- and slow-fibers from mouse EDL and soleus skeletal muscles Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 122, 1019–1032 González, E & Delbono, O (2001b) Recovery from fatigue in fast and slow ... Ulfhake, B., Fundin, B T (2000) Regulation of NGF-family ligands and receptors in adulthood and senescence: correlation to degenerative and regenerative changes in cutaneous innervation Eur J Neurosci, ... fibres from young and old rats Journal of Physiology, 520, 463–71 Jacob, J M (1998) Lumbar motor neuron size and number is affected by age in male F344 rats Mechanisms of Aging and Development,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... Mitochondria and Their Impact in Aging Skeletal Muscle 137 2  Age-Related Changes in Mitochondrial Function Because of the complexity of mitochondrial structural and biochemical organization and the ... declining muscle mass (Lexell et  al 1988; Hagen et  al 2004; Baker and Hepple 2006) and impaired Alterations in Mitochondria and Their Impact in Aging Skeletal Muscle 139 Fig. 2  Whereas aging ... accumulation of oxidative damage with aging, and likely plays a key role in impaired muscle function with aging and its greater vulnerability to apoptosis and excessive protein degradation Therefore,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20

... exercise training in both the human (Orlander and Aniansson 1980; Hagberg et  al 1989; Meredith et al 1989; Short et al 2003) and animal model (Cartee and Farrar 1987; Rossiter et al 2005; Betik ... during aging in oxidative and glycolytic muscles in rats Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 125, 367–373 Capel, F., Rimbert, V., Lioger, D., Diot, A., Rousset, P., Mirand, P P., Boirie, Y., Morio, ... capacity is preserved Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 126, 505–511 Cartee, G D & Farrar, R P (1987) Muscle respiratory capacity and VO 2max in identically trained young and old rats Journal...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 10:20