ALLERGIC DISEASES – HIGHLIGHTS IN THE CLINIC, MECHANISMS AND TREATMENT Edited by Celso Pereira Allergic Diseases – Highlights in the Clinic, Mechanisms and Treatment Edited by Celso Pereira Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Molly Kaliman Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Allergic Diseases – Highlights in the Clinic, Mechanisms and Treatment, Edited by Celso Pereira p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0227-4 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Allergens, Inflammation and Basic Mechanisms 1 New Challenges for Old Diseases: The Impact of -Omics Chapter 1 Technologies in the Understanding of Allergic Diseases 3 Blanca Cárdaba, Miriam Aguerri, David Calzada and Carlos Lahoz Expression of the Histamine H 4 Receptor in Human Tissue 31 Chapter 2 Katsunori Yamaura, Masahiko Suzuki, Takao Namiki and Koichi Ueno The Type I and Type II Receptor Chapter 3 Complexes for IL-4 and IL-13 Differentially Regulate Allergic Lung Inflammation 43 Nicola M. Heller, Preeta Dasgupta, Nicolas J. Dorsey, Svetlana P. Chapoval and Achsah D. Keegan Enzymatic and Chemical Modifications of Food Allergens 83 Chapter 4 Dragana Stanić-Vučinić and Tanja Ćirković Veličković Characterization of Seafood Chapter 5 Proteins Causing Allergic Diseases 107 Anas M. Abdel Rahman, Robert J. Helleur, Mohamed F. Jeebhay and Andreas L. Lopata Birch Pollen-Related Food Allergy: An Excellent Disease Chapter 6 Model to Understand the Relevance of Immunological Cross-Reactivity for Allergy 141 Brinda Subbarayal, Marija Geroldinger-Simic and Barbara Bohle Part 2 Clinical Allergy 165 Anaphylaxis: Etiology, Clinical Chapter 7 Manifestations, Diagnosis and Management 167 Aslı Gelincik and Suna Büyüköztürk VI Contents Allergic Airway Inflammation 195 Chapter 8 Gabriel Morán, Claudio Henriquez and Hugo Folch Asthma and Sensitization Pattern in Children 209 Chapter 9 Ute Langen Wheezing Infant 231 Chapter 10 Yukinori Yoshida, Tomoshige Matsumoto, Makoto Kameda, Tomoki Nishikido, Isamu Takamatsu and Satoru Doi Comorbidities of Allergic Rhinitis 239 Chapter 11 Doo Hee Han and Chae-Seo Rhee Allergy and Benign Lesions of the Vocal Cord Mucosa 255 Chapter 12 Alenka Kravos Drug Hypersensitivity 261 Chapter 13 María L. Sanz, Cristobalina Mayorga, Ruben Martínez-Aranguren and Pedro M. Gamboa Diagnosis and Management of Chapter 14 Cows’ Milk Protein Allergy in Infants 279 Elisabeth De Greef, Gigi Veereman-Wauters, Thierry Devreker, Bruno Hauser and Yvan Vandenplas Natural Rubber Latex Allergy 289 Chapter 15 Ana Maria Sell and Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer Part 3 Specific Aspects of Allergic Diseases 311 Psychological Factors in Asthma Chapter 16 and Psychoeducational Interventions 313 Lia Fernandes Obesity, Diet, Exercise and Asthma in Children 339 Chapter 17 Luis Garcia-Marcos and Manuel Sanchez-Solis Asthma and Health Related Quality Chapter 18 of Life in Childhood and Adolescence 365 Esther Hafkamp-de Groen and Hein Raat Part 4 Treatment Strategies 373 Specific Immunotherapy and Chapter 19 Central Immune System 375 Celso Pereira, Graça Loureiro, Beatriz Tavares and Filomena Botelho Contents VII β 2 -Adrenoceptor Agonists and Allergic Disease: Chapter 20 The Enhancing Effect of β 2 -Adrenoceptor Agonists on Cytokine-Induced TSLP Production by Human Lung Tissue Cells 403 Akio Matsuda and Kyoko Futamura Microbiota and Allergy: From Dysbiosis to Probiotics 413 Chapter 21 Anne-Judith Waligora-Dupriet and Marie-José Butel Natural Products Chapter 22 and Dermatological Hypersensitivity Diseases 435 Clayton MacDonald and Marianna Kulka Preventive Phytotherapy Chapter 23 of Anaphylaxis and Allergic Reactions 461 Elaine A. Cruz, Michelle F. Muzitano, Sonia S. Costa and Bartira Rossi-Bergmann Cissampelos sympodialis (Menispermaceae): A Novel Chapter 24 Phytotherapic Weapon Against Allergic Diseases? 477 M.R. Piuvezam, C.R. Bezerra-Santos, P.T. Bozza, C. Bandeira-Melo, G. Vieira and H.F. Costa Derived Products of Helminth in the Treatment of Chapter 25 Inflammation, Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis 499 C.A. Araujo and M.F. Macedo-Soares Parasite-Derived Proteins Inhibit Chapter 26 Allergic Specific Th2 Response 531 Hak Sun Yu Pharmaceutical Treatment of Asthma Chapter 27 Symptoms in Elite Athletes – Doping or Therapy 545 Jimmi Elers and Vibeke Backer Preface The clinical and basic science of allergic disease is moving and evolving so rapidly that it is nearly impossible to keep up full of information regarding the news mechanisms, signalling cell markers, cellular plasticity and expression, biological mediators targets or molecular and genetic discovers aspects related to the allergy. Moreover the systemic impact of this pathology determines the complexity of the more recent evidence demonstrates that the rapid regulation of central immune organs in clinical response of the mucosa to the allergen or offending agent. The enormous diversity clinical, etiologic, pathogenic, diagnose and therapy is not possible to develop in a sustainable way in this book all forms of allergic diseases present in the clinic. Therefore, this book tried to incorporate into its own matrix the crucial issues that are recent contributions to learning less frequent topics, with very promising therapy approaches. So the aim and the project was at the final the scope of the title “Allergic diseases - highlights in the clinic, mechanisms and treatment”, since it would not be possible to materialize a project that seeks to be a formal Medical Treaty covering the full breadth and complexity of allergy. Nevertheless, this book provides an accurate and current learning of many clinical issues. The quality and scientific preciseness of the authors coming from several countries, does much to give strength to the whole book, especially as it reflects local and regional realities that characterize the diversity of expression allergic. In fact, the etiology and clinical response of allergic patient is very different, depending on the location, habits, socio-economic conditions and even the specific interests of key lines of investigation developed that the authors have incorporated into the chapters, but always guided by higher values of accuracy. The basic and clinical aspects of allergic disease were described, namely concepts of innate and adaptive immune response, systemic and localized immune-mediated allergic disease, including recent update on pathogenesis. The clinical aspects were also subject and comprehensive developed and described, affecting different organ systems, particularly the anaphylaxis the main severe form of allergy. This book will provide a valuable reference text in allergy and immunology not only for primary care physicians which are the first interfaces for an overall higher X Preface prevalent pathology, but also for residents in training as well for specialists. The chapters develop themes with enormous depth and expertise, supported by updated references, and often illustrated with personal research of great interest to further key points of clinical investigation. Our understanding of the inflammatory process in allergic disease is clearly defined in many of these chapters, as is the application of science to clinical treatment. The technologies enrolled in the genetic approach were also described as well highlight the tools for molecular study of allergy. Overall the allergy is a sustained process of chronic inflammation why aspects of quality of life and the contribution and understanding of the psychological dimension, emotional and psychiatric naturally had to be enrolled in this book. The chapters on treatment modalities and new strategies bring the latest concepts on the use of actual and very promising researches based on the better understanding of the mechanism of the allergic disease. Each of these topics is as current as possible and written by a leader in the field. Clinicians will all benefit from these reviews. The effort and dedication of the authors in the time expended in the writing of the different chapters is fully demonstrated by the final quality of this project. To them goes my greatest of gratitude. I am particularly indebted to Drs Graça Loureiro, Beatriz Tavares, Daniel Machado and Prof A Segorbe Luís, from Immunoallergy Departement of Coimbra University Hospital Center who willingly assisted me in the review and in the scientific discussion of some fundamental aspects that have benefited the final version. The preparation of this edition for publication depends heavily on the excellent professional secretarial work of Ms Molly Kaliman, Publishing Process Manager. Of course a special thanks to the Intech-Open Access Publisher who had honored me with that feat challenge. I am exceedingly grateful to my family and all those who are close to me for successfully enduring this ordeal yet again. In my humble opinion, “Allergic diseases - highlights in the clinic, mechanisms and treatment” represents a shining example of a productive international collaboration among colleagues, and the information inserted in this book should conduct to an improved health care for patients with allergic diseases which are the essence of our work. Celso Pereira, PhD, MD Immunoallergology Coimbra University Hospital Center, Coimbra Portugal . ALLERGIC DISEASES – HIGHLIGHTS IN THE CLINIC, MECHANISMS AND TREATMENT Edited by Celso Pereira Allergic Diseases – Highlights in the Clinic, Mechanisms and Treatment. very promising therapy approaches. So the aim and the project was at the final the scope of the title Allergic diseases - highlights in the clinic, mechanisms and treatment , since it would. sample and yields a visual representation of gene-expression patterns in the sample Allergic Diseases – Highlights in the Clinic, Mechanisms and Treatment 8 being analyzed. In the most