... and
others (Mann and Thompson, 1988; Lascarides
and Asher, 1993; Knott and Sanders, 1998) are
not easier to apply either because they assume
the ability to automatically derive, in addition to
the ... BOS and EOS denote BeginningOfSentence
and EndOfSentence boundaries, the “ ” stand for
occurrences of any words and punctuation marks,
the square brackets stand for text span boundaries,
and ... relations, and common sense
entailment. Linguistics and Philosophy, 16(5):437–
493.
William C. Mann and Sandra A. Thompson. 1988.
Rhetorical structure theory: Toward a functional the-
ory of text organization....
... AnUnsupervisedApproachto Prepositional Phrase Attachment
using Contextually Similar Words
Patrick Pantel and Dekang Lin
Department of Computing Science
University of Alberta
1
Edmonton, ... processing. We present an
unsupervised corpus-based approach to
prepositional phrase attachment that
achieves similar performance to supervised
methods. Unlike previous unsupervised
approaches in which ... this paper, we present an unsupervised
corpus-based approachto prepositional phrase
attachment that outperforms previous
unsupervised techniques and approaches the
performance of supervised methods....
... most of the time and did not want to have homework.
“I want to understand and practice everything in the class. I have to work and have no time at
home writing. I want the teacher handle everything ... of English Language Teaching, Longman handbooks for
language teacher: Longman group, ltd.
15. Heaton, J. B.1989. Writing English test, Longman handbooks for language teacher:
Longman group, ltd
16. ... words.”
“Show me the way to write automatically”
“I would like my teacher to give more model essays and force us to analyze in order to
remember the way to write.”
“I can not brainstorm well so the...
... Parents are good so their children can follow
Firstly, parents are old and experienced people. They know many things in life and what
they know they want their kids can know. Moreover, they work, ... work hard to earn money
to pay their children’s fee at school. They buy their son or daughter with good food; make a good
house where their children can come back to. Also parents want to choose ... career preparation. Many learners go to university or
college want to get a good job in the future. Therefore they tried to learn most subjects at school
meeting the demand of social.
The second...
... the bottom-up, decoding view of reading, rather than its
complement” .
Self Reflection
8
Top-downBottom-up
Bottom-up Top-down
An Interactive Approachto Teaching L2 Reading
From the Bottom-Up
Adapted ... strategies + top-down strategies = comprehension
Which model should be adopted?
The reader must be competent in both bottom-up and top-down processing.
Interaction (“balance”) of
bottom-up and top-down ... previewing, and predicting) + background knowledge
(cultural, linguistic, syntactic, and historical) = comprehension
Interactive Approach
Reader uses both bottom-up and top-down strategies simultaneously...
... Moreover, an integrated approachto the
use of literature offers learners strategies to analyse and interpret language in context in
order to recognize not only how language is manipulated ... extended
language work.
The Language Model
The most common approachto literature in the EFL classroom is what Carter and Long
(1991) refer to as the ‘language-based approach . Such anapproach ... literature than with standard, transactional language.
• Headline: King Khan Goes for Gold (The Scotsman, 28.08.2004)
• Headline: Bookies' bonanza comes at a price (The Scotsman, 28.08.2004)
•...
... the mouse to explore the cov-
erage and then to begin to incorporate some typing. We have
not had any long-term use~ to observe their trends.
Use~ could react negatively to limited language ...
should be means
of
guiding the
user to
areas of the knowledge base that are incomplete and warrant
further elaboration. Future enhancements to the system will
include explanation and modification ...
sem~aics
(Kaplan & Bresnan, 1982) to translate to the internal
form of
representation, and an interface that
includes
left-
corner parsitlg with in-line guidance to address the Linguistic...
...
protection and soil conservation. PES are designed and implemented to make it more
worthwhile, in both financial and livelihood terms, for individuals and/or communities to
maintain, rather than to ... Government. However, forest and forest land can be
contracted or allocated to farmer households and village communities. The purposes to
which such land can be put to use are pre-determined by ... protection forest lands to households. Vietnam is a country with a substantial
planning tradition and only an incipient market orientation; compared to PES, the
established command-and-control measures...
... Taxation and Business Strategy
Simon James
Microeconomic Approaches to Tax Research
Alan Macnaughton and Amin Mawani
International Transfer Pricing
Jamie Elliott
Tax Compliance ... introduction of the Human Rights Act and ‘Tax Avoidance’
(BTR ). Tax avoidance is an excellent example of an area where lawyers
have a unique contribution to make to analysis of complex ... issues is to show that valuable and exciting tax law research can be pro-
duced and published, making tax an important subject for the universities to
support and for young academics to pursue....
... ecosystem approach for sea cucumber fisheries and used the recent PROCFish surveys to
help the participants to understand stocks in their countries in order to adapt their management plans.
ORGANIZATION ... cucumber manager’s toolbox (Friedman et al., 2008) to
review indicators of stock status and apply them to their fishery.
The current management measures employed in each fishery and their effectiveness ... managers will still need to write the
fishery regulations.
Participants noted that aligning the management plan and format to the ecosystem approachto
fisheries is a challenge.
The management...
... Essentials of Women's Health:
An Integrated Approachto Primary Care and Office Gynecology
Essentials of Women's Health:
An Integrated Approachto Primary Care and Office Gynecology
Course ... Clerkships
Salim D. Islam, MD Assistant Professor of Anesthesia
and Perioperative Care; Medical Assistant Chief,
Director of Quality, Kaiser Permante, San Francisco
George F. Sawaya, MD Associate ...
obstetrician-gynecologists, traditionally-trained internists and medical subspecialists are being asked to
play an expanding role in primary care practice. Nurse practitioners and physician assistants...
...
Jakiela 1993, van Bremen et al. 1998, Hsiao and Wang 1998, Yoshimura and Yanagi 1998, Chen and
Owen 1998).
Suggestions have been proposed for formalizing brand identity, possibly by means of archetypes ... first language (
LTE
) is used during the
briefing and in general in the communication with marketing people and customers and is related to the
cultural and emotional message the product has to ... implies to have tools able to preserve the aesthetic design intent during the required model
modifications and able to extract the aesthetic character from CAD models and compare it to others
and/or...
... families and communities, and
individuals who work hard to contribute to those communities. Too many of these individuals die before having
a fair chance at life, and many more live, but are left to ... diarrhoea and water-related diseases, there is no time to wait.
It is the moral responsibility of governments, private organisations, and civilians – of anyone who can help – to
work toward ending ... ORT, can reduce a
child’s chance of death by up to 50%, and it can decrease the child’s susceptibility to diarrhoea and
other diseases for up to three months after the episode. Since these and...