activin nodal tgfbeta signaling in stem cell pluripotency

... 1.2.1.1 Inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway enhances neural induction The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes, including cellular differentiation ... to induce pluripotency in adult somatic cells (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006), further demonstrating the pivotal role of transcription factors in the maintaining and inducing the pluripotent cell ... exhibiting trans-acting transcriptional cooperativity with DLX homeodomain proteins and increasing Dlx5/6 enhancer activity in a neural stem cell line (Feng et al., 2006) In the developing ventral...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 17:54

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 17:54

... governing stem cell pluripotency and cell fate determination, and perturbations of lncRNA levels will result in stem cell differentiation   104  Chapter VII – Long Non-coding RNAs are Indispensable in ... target 226 lincRNAs expressed in mESCs, and the authors identified 26 lincRNAs that resulted in loss of Nanog and Oct4 expression upon lincRNA knockdown, indicating that lincRNAs maintain the pluripotent ... lncRNAs in the maintenance of hESC pluripotency, and their involvement in neuronal differentiation respectively   82  Chapter VI – Long Non-coding RNAs Regulate Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 17:54

... expressed in neural stem cells and non-neuronal cells, to repress neuronal gene expression To confirm that REST indeed binds upstream of RMST in the neural stem cell line ReN-VM, REST chromatin-immunoprecipitation ... database indicates the presence of a REST binding site upstream of RMST REST (or NRSF) binding sites were observed upstream of RMST in three human cell lines, namely GM12878, a lymphoblastoid cell line, ... chromatin binding Quantitative PCR of the ChIP DNA revealed REST occupancy at the region upstream of RMST (pRMST), confirming that REST binds upstream of RMST in the human neural stem cell line...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 17:54

... extent In this thesis, I focused on examining lncRNAs involved in the pluripotency maintenance of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and human neuronal development, using hESCs as a cellular ... is a RNAbinding protein and probably binds directly to RMST SOX2 and hnRNPA2B1 may interact via protein-protein interactions The transcription factor SOX2 may then bind to target chromatin regions ... for SOX2 in sensory neurogenesis Cell Stem Cell 8, 538-551   157  Crossley, P.H., Minowada, G., MacArthur, C.A., and Martin, G.R (1996) Roles for FGF8 in the induction, initiation, and maintenance...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 17:55

... Extrinsic signalling pathways maintaining ES cell pluripotency Embryonic stem cells are maintained by a network of extrinsic and intrinsic signals that collectively regulate the properties of pluripotency ... Introduction 1.1 Derivation of embryonic stem cells 1.2 Regulation of embryonic stem cells 1.2.1 The key properties of ES cells 1.2.2 Extrinsic signalling pathways maintaining ES cell ... from cell lines Cell culture Mouse ES cell culture Human ES cell culture Isolation, expansion, and mitotic inactivation of MEF cells Maintenance of HEK293T cells Cryopreservation of cell lines...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 09:02

... blood cell or a brain cell During this last decade, the number of published articles or books investigating the role of stem cells in cell transplantation or regenerative medicine increased remarkably ... the recent developments in the field of basic and clinical aspects of stem cells and cell transplantation Although we are close to finding pathways for stem cell therapies in many medical conditions, ... transplanted stem cells in the host In conclusion, Cell Transplantation is bridging cell transplantation research in a multitude of disease models as methods and technology continue to be refined The...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 04:20

... block activin ⁄ TGF-b signaling in murine stem cell cultures Both experiments resulted in a strong growth inhibition of the stem cells but, fascinatingly, did not interfere with their pluripotency, ... accordant change in cell morphology reminiscent of differentiation Interestingly, supplementation with activin A did not alter Oct4 levels and the cells retained their typical embryonic stem cell morphology ... 2007 FEBS T U Wagner BMP signaling in stem cells for signaling activity, James et al [41] found constantly active TGF-b signaling as demonstrated by nuclear Smad2 staining and detectable phosphorylation...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 00:20

... RNA binding protein and stem cell marker Inhibitor of microRNA processing in embryonic stem (ES) and carcinoma (EC) cells Table Combinations of the genes that have been used to obtain the induced ... factors into somatic cells By using these viral delivery systems, 12 New Advances in Stem Cell Transplantation Fig Methods for producing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by non-integrating ... factor 1/PD2 maintains self-renewal by its interaction with Oct3/4 in mouse embryonic stem cells Stem Cells 27, 30013011 22 New Advances in Stem Cell Transplantation Rai, K., Huggins, I.J., James,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 08:20

... primarily in ES cells to regulate Nodal signaling The high expression of ALK4/5/7 receptors and Nodal in mouse ES cells, as revealed by large scaled gene profiling studies tells us that Nodal signaling ... Supplementing Lefty2 RNAi cultures with recombinant Lefty1 protein was able to block reduction in level of alkaline phosphatase staining induced by Lefty2 RNAi Alkalline phosphatase staining was ... maintain ES cell self renewal was investigated in mouse ES cells Lefty is known to be a secreted protein We hence wanted to first confirm that its site of action is extracellular in the ES cell...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:02

... 157 How Nodal signals dictate embryonic stem cell fates is also not entirely clear Conflicting roles of Nodal signaling in both the maintenance of ES cell self renewal and induction of ES cell differentiation ... influence ES cell fate decision in a dose dependent manner in vitro is addressed Interestingly, it was found that Nodal signaling is able to arbitrate at least three distinct fate decisions in ES cells ... group Nodal, as a morphogen, is known to elicit effects in embryos in a dose dependent manner In this thesis, the possibility that Nodal signaling might, as in the in vivo scenario, likewise influence...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:02

... experiment The E14 cells were fed daily with medium containing fresh Activin A 4.14.2 Inhibition of Nodal /Activin signaling To abolish/diminish Nodal /Activin signaling, the cells were treated ... 4.14 Manipulation of Nodal signaling Manipulation of Nodal signaling was carried out in chemically defined condition in medium containing DMEM/15% knockout serum replacement (Invitrogen,Carlsbad, ... Enhancement of Nodal /Activin signaling E14, TAG1 or tet -Nodal E14tg2a cells were seeded in ES cell medium at a density of 676 cells/cm2 without gelatin The next day, the seeded cells were subjected...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:02

... (2007) Activin- Nodal signaling is involved in propagation of mouse embryonic stem cells J Cell Sci 120, 55-65 Oh, S P., and Li, E (1997) The signaling pathway mediated by the type IIB activin receptor ... 186 James, D., Levine, A J., Besser, D., and Hemmati-Brivanlou, A (2005) TGFbeta /activin/ nodal signaling is necessary for the maintenance of pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells Development ... expression cloning of Nanog, a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells Cell 113, 643-655 Chambers, I., and Smith, A (2004) Self-renewal of teratocarcinoma and embryonic stem cells Oncogene...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:02

... which the Lefty proteins can inhibit Nodal signaling using in vitro assays They showed that Lefty proteins can interact with Nodal proteins in solution and block Nodal from binding its receptors ... Nodal /Activin signaling may even be required for the maintenance of pluripotency in pregastrulas Firstly, Nodal signaling in vivo appears to be necessary for the maintenance of pluripotency in ... of the HMG-domain DNA binding protein family It has been demonstrated that Sox2 has a role to play in maintaining epiblast pluripotency, as gene targeting used to inactivate Sox2 in the mouse causes...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:02

... Member of TGFsuperfamily Involved in Nodal signaling Nodal antagonist • • • • • Rex2 • Zinc finger protein • • • Zfx • • • a-catenin • Zinc finger protein Transcription factor Link to canonical Wnt ... -catenin (Catnb) Dot1l Lef1 Gata3 • • • • • • • • complex Involved in Wnt signaling Subunit of Cadherin protein complex Intracellular mediator of canonical Wnt signaling Non-SET domain protein Histone ... experiments involving elevation of Nodal signaling Gene Fgf5 Nestin Pax6 Ngn1 Ngn2 Gfap NeuroD1 Sox1 Msi1 Otx2 Nkx2.2 Claudin6 Mixl1 Gooscoid Nodal Fgf8 E-cadherin Cerberus1 Eomesodermin Cadherin11...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:03

... GVHD is initiated, T-cells produce additional proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis fac­ tor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-2, which in turn attract more T-cells ... (Th2) cells can initiate a response against autoantigens leading to B -cell hyperre­ activity and production of autoantibodies, causing targetorgan damage, including skin, mucosa, eyes, joints, ... Consensus recom­ mends a system for scoring chronic GVHD manifestations in organs and sites, including the skin, mouth, eyes, gastro­ intestinal tract, liver, lungs, joints and fascia, genital...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 19:20

... Thus, integrin-dependent cell volume sensing and signaling integrates into the overall context of insulin signaling Similarly, sensing of glutamine-induced hepatocyte swelling by integrins feeds into ... the integrin system as one major sensor of hepatocyte swelling [12–14] Integrin-inhibitory peptides exhibiting an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif abolish hypoosmotic osmosignaling ... Osmosensing and signaling in mammalian cell function F Schliess et al [7] On the other hand, hyperosmotic shrinkage prevents insulin-induced hepatocyte swelling and proteolysis inhibition, indicating...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... During integrin outside in signaling, the binding of integrins to their extracellular ligands changes the integrin conformation and promotes integrin clustering The unidirectional signalings, in ... surface signaling, signaling during endocytosis into the receiving cell and receptor recycling for further delayed signaling are crucial steps of cell signaling In polarized cells, the cell side ... often closely linked, as ligand binding associated with outside in signaling stimulates integrins and, conversely, integrin activation increases ligand binding for inside–out signaling 1.1.5.3 Modularity...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 22:21