βs and the regulation of proliferation survival and differentiation of neurons

... HD These processes may not be independent of each other Detailed descriptions of these processes are beyond the scope of this review In the present review, we specifically focus on the role of ... (45 kDa) and the activated caspase-1 (20 kDa) are shown by the arrows on the left The bar diagram (right panel) shows the average (n = 3) of integrated optical density (IOD) of the bands obtained ... [37] The specific role of the Shh pathway in apoptosis or HD remains unknown Role of HIP-1 and HIPPI in transcriptional regulation There are not many reports on the transcriptional activity of HIP-1...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 07:20

... increase in apoptosis [73] The authors of this study ascribe the regulation of outgrowth of limb buds and patterning of the digits to the chicken AP-2 The role of AP-2a was further studied in zebrafish ... because of the severe skeletal defects in growth and the development of face and limbs [17–19] Donner et al tried to link the expression of AP-2a in these tissues to upstream signaling pathways They ... physiological processes, they have also crucial roles in pathological processes such as tumorigenesis and genetic diseases [47] Most analyses of the regulation of AP-2 and the interactions of the transcription...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... activation of the protein kinase B survival pathway [31], p53 activation [32], induction of the serum- and glucocorticoidinducible kinase Sgk [33], expression of the heat shock protein Hsp70 [34] and ... trafficking of the CD95 from inside the hepatocyte to the plasma membrane [39], which depends on a ROS-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor, the association of ... association of CD95 with the EGF-receptor, and phosphorylation of CD95 on Tyr232 and Tyr291 by the EGF-receptor tyrosine kinase activity [15] Although the appearance of CD95 at the plasma membrane...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... dysfunction SH3 and SH2 domain dysfunction Deletion of N-terminal, SH3 and SH2 domain of active n-Src Deletion of N-terminal, SH3 and SH2 domain of kinase-dead n-Src of PP3, the inactive form of PP2, ... upstream of the conserved PXXP motif of the SH3 ligand The D99N mutation prevents formation of this salt bridge and disrupts the SH3 binding specificity R175 (corresponding to R183 in n-Src) in the ... R175K mutations therefore inhibit interactions with ligands of the SH3 and SH2 domains, respectively, both intra- and intermolecularly, and thereby disrupt the overall functions of Src kinase [3,18–21]...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 01:20

... RPABC-2 and -3, are present in all three RNA polymerases, and the solution of the crystal structure of Pol II shows that these two subunits are located close to each other at the surface of the polymerase ... Injection of anti-actin Ig into the nuclei of salamander oocytes results in contraction of the lateral loops and the inhibition of transcription [8] Furthermore, Hofmann & de Lanerolle [16] found ... domain and then to the nascent RNP, where actin in complex with the hnRNP U can facilitate recruitment of PCAF or P2D10 to the active gene Formation of actin filaments in the proximity of the Pol...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 01:20

... establish the importance of GSK3 in the acute regulation of glucose transport in terms of its regulatory control of GS in muscle and fat cells we have investigated the effects of Li and the anilinomaleimide, ... elements implicated in the regulation of GSK3 and GS To further understand the effects of Li and SB-415286 on cell signalling events we assessed their effects and that of insulin on p70S6K, PKB, ... and myotubes with antibodies against GSK3a and b Fig 1B shows that whilst preadipocytes express both GSK3 isoforms, the abundance of the b isoform declines by  85%, whereas that of the a isoform...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... to the development of multiple diseases Fibrosis is characterized by the excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which is the end result of an imbalance of metabolism of the ... downregulation of the miR-29 family members (miR-29a, miR-29b and miR-29c) in the border zone of murine and human hearts during myocardial infarction [25] This study also showed down -regulation of ... miR-182, miR-183 and miR-199a-3p were down-regulated in the alcoholic group but up-regulated in the nonalcoholic group At the present time, the role of these miRNAs in the development of steatohepatitis...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 11:20

... Although the predicted aminoacid sequence had similarity with the sequences of mammalian TGase, the length of the cDNA was smaller than the length deduced from the molecular size of the purified ... [35] The results of those studies suggest that the lower eukaryotes and bacterial enzymes evolved as a separate lineage from the mammalian TGases The physiological roles of these invertebrate and ... suggest that the TGase activity is regulated by the presence of GTP and Ca2+ Additionally, in order to confirm the specificity of the inhibition, other purine nucleotides (GTP, GDP, GMP, and ATP) were...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 23:20

... and 71 Considering the location of the N-terminal extremity of DNter2 on the structure of CARP and the presence of the potential cleavage sites, we identified the localization of the cleavage site ... a deregulation of the NF-jB pathway and an increase in muscle fiber apoptosis [8] The participation of NF-jB signaling in the pathogenesis of LGMD2A is therefore an interesting possibility The ... activates the interaction of a protein complex with the kinase domain of titin, reducing the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor SRF and impeding gene transcription [16] In the elastic...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 21:20

... project from the ARC to the PVN, and the other in which they project to the MPA, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and lateral septal nucleus Central administration of GALP activates neurons in ... regions of the rat brain Injection of GALP into the third ventricle induces c-Fos expression, a marker of cell activation, in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca, POA, ARC and median ... in the LH and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the ARC, although their physiological actions are uncertain GALP neurons in the ARC are innervated by orexin neurons in the LH and NPY neurons...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 21:20

... (Fig 10, lane and 2) and wild-type (Fig 10, lane and 4) strains bearing multiple copies of MRG19 and grown in the presence of glucose (Fig 10, lane and 3) and glycerol (Fig 10, lane and 4) It is ... suggestions in the preparation of this manuscript REFERENCES Johnston, M & Carlson, M (1992) Regulation of carbon and phosphate utilization in the molecular and the cellular biology of the yeast Saccharomyces ... that the energy status of the cell is an important determinant of GAL gene induction [15,25–27] This suggests that the availability of metabolic energy is a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 08:20

... balance control [19,20] and in vestibular rehabilitation [21] Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of aging and repeated exposures on the capability of the CNS to select ... displacements of COP and COM first in the direction of the perturbation, and then reversed to oppose the perturbation for balance adjustment Changes in COP always preceded and encompassed those of COM ... at the School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University and senior research fellow of the Fonds de la Recherché en Santé du Québec (FRSQ) She is also the Director of Research at the...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... by the presence of HIF-1-binding sites in their promoter regions, the up -regulation by hypoxia and cobalt chloride, and the general correlative relationship between HIF-1α and the levels of MCP-1 ... maximize the benefit effects of the inflammation The evidence of HIF-1α-mediated up -regulation of MCP-1 and MCP-5 during hypoxia suggests that HIF-1 α may be a target for the regulation of inflammatory ... HIF-1-binding sites in the promoter regions of MCP-1 and MCP-5 genes Hypoxia and CoCl2 up-regulate the expression of both HIF-1α and chemokines MCP-1 and MCP-5 in astrocytes The levels of AP-1: Activator...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... conditions for the existence of a Langford sequence of order t and defect d Theorem 2.1 (Simpson [33]) There exists a Langford sequence of order t and defect d if and only if (1) t ≥ 2d − 1, and (2) ... [14], Bryant and Horsley prove the existence of decompositions of Kn for n odd into cycles for a large family of lists of specified cycle lengths, settling the problem in about 10% of the possible ... ≥ The proof now splits into four cases depending on the congruence class of t modulo Case Suppose that t ≡ (mod 4) By Theorem 2.1, there exists a Langford sequence of order t and defect 3, and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:23

... We also investigated the effect of interactions between IFN and one of TNF, IFN, or -estradiol (E2) on the expression of these molecules Materials and methods Patients and healthy individuals ... Page of 10 (page number not for citation purposes) to 12) The median of the assessment based on the BILAG index [16] was (range to 13) Meanwhile, the median of the total white blood cells for the ... were used as the background The median and standard deviation of background levels were calculated Genes whose intensities were less than the median plus two standard deviations of the background...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:22

... type but also to the stimulus Comparing these data with those found in the mouse, the augmentation of IL-10 and downregulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ results in a Th2 cytokine profile that is dependent ... in the presence of rolipram, an inhibitor of PDE IV activity Our results demonstrate both stimulus- and cell-type-specific responses to VIP in the presence of rolipram The addition of VIP and ... reader at 450 nm and analysed with the Deltasoft II programme (BioMetallics) The minimal sensitivity of the ELISAs were pg/ml for human TNF-α and 13–40 pg/ml for the human IL-10 and IFN-γ ELISAs...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:23

... chromatography The amount of 7α-OH-DHEA is expressed as the percentage [3H]-7α-OH-DHEA of the total amount of [3H]-label measured Results are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean of triplicate ... (Breda, The Netherlands), dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide or methanol and used as controls The proteasome inhibitor PSI and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 were purchased at Omnilabo (Breda, The Netherlands) ... most of the studies, carried out most of the assays and wrote the manuscript AK (Allard Kaptein) helped in conceiving the study and helped to draft the manuscript AK (Annemieke Kavelaars) and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 07:20

... We also investigated the effect of interactions between IFN and one of TNF, IFN, or -estradiol (E2) on the expression of these molecules Materials and methods Patients and healthy individuals ... Page of 10 (page number not for citation purposes) to 12) The median of the assessment based on the BILAG index [16] was (range to 13) Meanwhile, the median of the total white blood cells for the ... were used as the background The median and standard deviation of background levels were calculated Genes whose intensities were less than the median plus two standard deviations of the background...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:22

... we analyzed the regulation of the expression of the known TLR adaptor proteins in small-airway epithelial cells To examine the impact of different TLR ligands on the expression of the adaptor ... experimental work of the study and drafted the manuscript PS conceived of the experiments, participated in the design and direction of the study and revised the manuscript AW and DM made substantial ... in the induction of an elevated IRAK-2, MyD88 and TRIF mRNA and protein expression and leads to the down -regulation of TLR1, TLR5 and TLR6 expression There is a strong synergism of IFN-γ and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 08:21

... the most distant member of Subgroup 1, was more closely related to the grape protein accession ACF21938 than to the other members of the subgroup (AtMYB30, 31, 94 and 96) On the other hand, the ... speculate that Page of 14 the presence of the former and the absence of the latter, might contribute to the specificity of the MYB60 function in guard cells Expression features of VvMYB60 in grape ... stage, the onset of ripening and the accumulation of sugars are correlated to increasing levels of ABA in the berry [30], suggesting a possible negative effect of the hormone on the expression of...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:21