Household oriented approach for the optimization of resources management at the floating village in tonle sap lake region cambodia

VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN EAM SAM UN HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION, CAMBODIA MASTER THESIS Hanoi - 2011 VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN EAM SAM UN HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION, CAMBODIA Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment Code: MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: DR ING CATALIN STEFAN RESP PROFFESOR: PROF DR RER NAT DR H PETER WERNER Hanoi - 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My highly appreciation wishes to acknowledge to Dr Ing Catalin Stefan, Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment at the TU Dresden, provided me a great support for making this paper possible and I also contribute of my thanks to alls as following in the accomplishment of this paper existing;  To Prof Dr –Ing Habil Dr h c Bilitewski and Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Diem Trang, who established the cooperation Master program on “Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment”  To DAAD Hanoi provided me full support for both living allowance and tuition fee for duration years of study  To Prof Dr Le Thanh Son, Vice Dean at the Faculty of Chemistry, at the Hanoi University of Science always provided me a support  To all professors, lecturers, and colleagues at the Hanoi University of Science and the Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment, at the TU Dresden for all the important assistances  To Dr Carly Starr who kindly revised this paper with grammar and structures  To very supportive lovely parents, brothers, and sister, for encouragement and inspiration i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii ABBREVIATIONS v LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF ANNEXES xii ABSTRACT xiii Chapter I Chapter II INTRODUCTION I.1 Tonle Sap Lake Region I.2 Poverty in Tonle Sap Lake Region I.3 Objectives of Study ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONEMNAT RELAVANT FACTORS II.1 Data Mining and Collections II.2 Socio-Economic Factors II.2.1 Occupation and Income .5 II.2.2 Education II.2.3 Sources of Energy for Consumption .7 II.2.4 Human Health II.2.5 Environmental Pollution 10 II.2.6 Land Use Classification .10 II.3 Drinking Water Supply and Quality .12 II.3.1 Sources of Drinking Water Supply .12 II.3.2 Water Quality in the Tonle Sap Lake 13 II.4 Household Water Treatment Systems (HWTS), Effectiveness and Cost Analysis 15 II.4.1 Solar Disinfection (SODIS) .16 II.4.2 Boiling Water 17 II.4.3 Flocculation 18 II.4.4 Simple Sand Filter (SSF) 19 II.4.5 Chlorination .20 II.4.6 Sedimentation 21 II.4.7 Ceramic Filter 21 II.4.8 Bio-sand Filter 23 II.4.9 Effectiveness of HWTS .26 II.4.10 Cost Analysis of HWTS 28 Chapter III II.5 Domestic Waste Generation 29 II.6 Sanitation Facilities .33 DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPT FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 35 III.1 Optimization of Resources Management .35 III.2 Development of a Technical Concept for Safe Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation for Household-scale 35 III.2.1 Simple Sand Filter (SSF) and Solar Disinfection (SODIS) 35 III.2.2 Sanitation 38 III.3 Development of Waste Management Concepts and Resource Recovery 40 III.3.1 3Rs Approach for Organic Waste Management and Agriculture Waste 40 III.3.2 Composting 41 III.3.3 Biogas Production .42 III.3.4 Char Briquette Production 43 III.4 Development of Socio-Economic 46 III.5 Quantification of the Environmental Impact of Technical and SocioEconomic Developments .50 III.5.1 Composting 50 III.5.2 Biogas Production .53 III.5.3 Char Briquette .56 Chapter IV CONCLUSIONS 58 IV.1 Socio-Economic Development 58 IV.1.1 Household’s Income 58 IV.1.2 Household Cost Expenditure .59 IV.1.3 Household’s Time Expending .60 IV.2 Household’s GHG Emission 61 REFERENCES 62 ANNEXES 65 ABBREVIATIONS Acronyms 3Rs : Reuse, Recycle, and Reduce ADB : Asia Development Bank AUNP : Asian EU-University Network Program AWWA : American Water Works Association BSF : Bio-sand Filter Ca+2 : Calcium ion CAWST : Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology CDC : Center for Disease Control and Prevention CFSP : Cambodian Fuelwood Saving Project CH4 : Methane CHLs : Chlordances Cl- : Chloride CO : Carbon monoxide CO2 : Carbon dioxide COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand CWP : Ceramic Water Purifier DDT : Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DNA : Deoxyribonucleic acid DO : Dissolved Oxygen EAWAG : Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science EJF : Environmental Justice Foundation Fe+3 : Iron ion GHG : Green House Gas H2 : Hydrogen H2O : Water HCB : Hexachlorobenzene HCHs : Hexachorinated hydrocarbons HWTS : Household Water Treatment System IDE : International Development Enterprise IGES : Institute for Global Environmental Strategies IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency K+ : Potassium ion LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas Mg+2 : Magnesium ion Na+ : Sodium ion NaOCl : Sodium hypochlorite NBP : National Biogas Program NIS : National Institute for Statistic NOx : Nitrogen Oxide O2 : Oxygen OCs : Organo-chlorines PAHO : Pan American Health Organization PCBs : Polychlorinated bi-phenyls PCE : Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment PET : Poly Ethylene Terephthalate POPs : Persistent Organic Pollutants POU : Point of Use RACHA : Reproductive and Child Health Allience RO : Reversed Osmosis SANDEC : Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries SO4-2 : Sulfate ion SODIS : Solar Disinfection SSF : Simple Sand Filter TCPMe : Tri 4-chlorophenyl methane TN : Total Nitrogen TP : Total Phosphorus TSS : Total Suspended Solid UNDP : United Nations Development Program UNEP : United Nations Environment Protection UNICEF : United Nations for Children’s Fund USAID : United States Agency for International Development UV : Ultra violate Vol : Volume WaterSHED : Water Sanitation Health Environment Development WHO : World Health Organization Dimensions µ g/L : Microgram per litter asl : Above sea level g/m3 : Gram per cubic meter gCH4/kg waste : Gram methane per kilogram waste : Hectare Kg/hh/yr : Kilogram per household per year Kg/p/d : Kilogram per capital per day Km2 : Square kilometer L/d : Litter per day L/hh/d : Litter per household per day L/min : Litter per minute M : Metter mg/L : Milligram per litter mm/yr : Millimeter per year ng/g : Nanogram per gram pH : Percentage of hydrogen t TN/yr : Ton Total Nitrogen per year t TP/yr : Ton total phosphorous per year t/yr : Ton per year TCO2E : Ton carbon dioxide equivalent US$/ha : US Dollar per hectare US$/hh/yr : US Dollar per household per year IV.1.3 Household’s Time Expending In conclusion of time consumption for indicators of cooking and water supply are identified in Figure 41 Base on the optimization scenario, fuel for cooking by using biogas /char briquette and lightening combination with water supply, it is found that minimum of time spending is approximately 935.5 hrs/hh/yr Comparison to baseline scenario, time spending for cooking and water supply is totally 1498.5hrs/hh/yr or roughly 1.6 times higher Time (hrs/hh/yr) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 Cooking Water supplyTotal-baseline Cooking-biogasWater supplyTotal-optimized Baseline scenario Optimized scenario Figure 41: Household’s time spending for fuel cooking and water supply between baseline and optimized scenario IV.2 Household’s GHG Emission Referring to the estimation of GHG emission from household, it is assumed that indicators are defined in household level including fuel for cooking/lightening, water supply and waste management The result from assumption of those indicators is indicated that at baseline scenario emits high potential of GHG up to 6.42TCO 2E/yr; however, while application of optimized scenario of water supply, alternative of fuel for cooking/lightening and waste management (composting), GHG emission reduce to 0.59 TCO2E/yr GHG emission ( TCO2E/hh/yr) Baseline scenario Figure 42: GHG emission from each household Optimized scenario Total-optimized Compost Water supply Fuel for Cooking/lightening Total-baseline Water supply Cooking Organic waste disposal REFERENCES Almeida, M C., D Butler, et al (1999) At-source domestic wastewater quality Urban Water 1(1): 49-55 AUNP (2005) Decision support system (DSS) for renewable energy (RE) from biogas and biomass combustion ASEAN- EU University Network Program Handbook Bailey, R.B (2001) Global hexachlorobenzen emissions Chemosphere (43), 167–182 Billitewski, B et al (1994) Waste management Springer-verlarge Berlin ISBN3-540-59210-5 Brian Skinner and Rod Shaw Household Water Treatment Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (WELL) http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technicalbriefs/58-household-water-treatment-1.pdf Campbell, I., C Poole, et al (2006) Species diversity and ecology of Tonle Sap Great Lake, Cambodia." Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries 68(3): 355-373 CAWST (2008) Bio-sand filter manual Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology WWW.CAWST.ORG CDC (2008) Household water treatment options in developing country: Solar disinfection (SODIS) Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2009) Household water treatment options in developing country: Boiling Center for Disease Control and Prevention Conroy, R M., Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T., McGuigan, K G., & Barnes, J (1996) Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: A controlled field trial The Lancet, 348(9043), 1695-1697 Conroy, R M., Elmore-Meegan, M., Joyce, T., McGuigan, K G., & Barnes, J (1999) Solar disinfection of water reduces diarrheal disease: An update Archives of Disease in Childhood, 81(4), 337-338 Conroy, R M., Meegan, M E., Joyce, T., McGuigan, K., & Barnes, J (2001) Solar disinfection of drinking water protects against cholera in children under years of age Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 85(4), 293-295 Daniel et al (2007) Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Option in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Implementation Practices http://www.wilsoncenter.org/ topics/pubs/WaterStoriesHousehold.pdf EAWAG/SANDEC (2008) Sanitation Systems and Technologies Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) EJF (2002) Death Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC).in small doses: Cambodia’s pesticides problems and solutions Environmental Justice Foundation, London, UK, p 37 Grimm, B (2004) Bottles for our health Report of the SODIS dissemination project Phase II: April 2003 – March 2004: JDA Kokand Grimm, B (2006) Health impact study Uzbekistan 2004 – 2006: JDA Kokand Heino V (2003) Small scale briquetting and carbonization of organic residues for fuel Gtz http://www.gtz.de/gate/ Hobbins, M (2003) The SODIS health impact study (Summary Report) Basel: Swiss Tropical Institute JICA (2002) Improvement of Health Care Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Part II, Chapter Joha, S and J Koponen (2003) Modeling Tonle Sap for environmental impact assessment and management support.MRCS/WUP-FIN project Finish Environment Institute, Finland Keskinen, M (2006) The Lake with Floating Villages: Socio-economic Analysis of the Tonle Sap Lake International Journal of Water Resources Development: Routledge Vol 22, No 3, 463–480, Kwon, H and S Thatithatgoon (2004) Mushroom growing in Northern of Thailand Mushroom grower’s handbook Lamberts, D (2006) The Tonle Sap Lake as a Productive Ecosystem International Journal of Water Resources Development, Routledge 22: 481-495 Langergraber, G and E Muellegger (2005) Ecological Sanitation a way to solve global sanitation problems? Environment International 31(3): 433-444 Leang, P (2003) Sub-Area Analysis, The Tonle Sap Sub-Area Report for the Basin Development Plan Mekong River Commission, Phnom Penh, 79 pp Malin, M (2009) Livelihood sustainability analysis of floating villages of the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia Master thesis Department of civil and environmental engineering, Helsiki University of Technology Monirith, I., H Nakata, et al (1999) Persistent Organochlorine Residues in Marine and Freshwater Fish in Cambodia Marine Pollution Bulletin 38(7): 604-612 Monirith, I., T Kunisue, et al (2003) Accumulation of persistent organochlorines in resident white-breasted waterhens (Amaurornis Phoenicurus) from Cambodia Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(10): 1341-1348 Morgan, P (2007) Toilet that makes compost: Low cost, sanitary toilets that produce valuable compost for crops in African context Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden NBP (2004) Feasible study on Biogas project National Biogas Program, Department of Animal Health and Production (DAHP), Cambodia NBP (2006) CDM baseline study on fuel use and manure management at household level National Biogas Program Department of Animal Health and Production (DAHP), Cambodia NBP (2008) Report on bio-digester users surveys 2008 National Biogas Program, Department of Animal Health and Production (DAHP), Cambodia NIS (2001) Population Data Base: General Population Census 1998 National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning Phnom Penh, Cambodia NIS ( 2009) Housing Conditions 2007 National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh, Cambodia NIS (2009) Health 2007 National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Nyambat, B., et al., 2009.Hospital-based surveillance for rotavirus diarrhoea in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, March 2005 through February 2007 Vaccine 27(Supplement 5): p F81-F84 of drinking water protects against cholera in children under years of age Archives of Oxfarm (2008) Household water Treatment and Storage PCE (2010) Appendix: Emission factors for proposed uses of lignite Parliamentary commissioner for the environment Pete, Y (2003) Feasibility and Impact Assessment of a Proposed Project to Briquette Municipal Solid Waste for Use as a Cooking Fuel in Rwanda Intermediate Technology Consultants Rebecca S (2003) Sanitation and the poor Well study, WEDC/LSHTM Rose, A., et al (2006) Solar disinfection of water for diarrheal prevention in southern India Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91(2), 139-141 Sokhem, P., & Sunada, K (2006) The Governance of the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia: Integration of Local, National and International Levels International Journal of Water Resources Development, 22 (3), 399-416 USAID and RACHA (2009) Water and Sanitation Baseline Survey in Chong Khneas District, Siem Reap Province, Cambodia WaterSHED Hand off: Catalyzing marketing for sanitation in Cambodia Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Enterprise Development http://www.watershedasia.org/wpcontent/watershed resources /sanitation_marketing_in_cambodia.pdf WHO and UNICEF (2000) Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 World Health Organization, UNICEF and Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, Geneva WHO (2011) Health Profiles World Health Organization Statistics WHO (2009) Scaling up household water treatment among low income populations: Public health and Environment, water sanitation, hygienic and health World Health Organization Witten, M (1999) A role for small-scale farmers and rural communities in reducing the entry of persistent organic pollutants (POPS) into the environment In: Proceedings of Regional Workshop on Management of Persistent of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Hanoi, Vietnam UNEP ANNEXES Annex1-Socio-economic indicators Annex1-1 Components of Service Occupation in region Services Occupation Zone Hotel/restaurants Fishing net/gear making Fishing process Labor Motor/boat taxi Others Total Zone 0.1 0.3 1.7 2.3 7.4 0 4.8 0 4.8 Zone 0.1 0 1.3 1.5 3.9 Zoe 0.1 0 2.7 0.1 0.9 3.8 Zone 1.3 1.6 17.5 4.8 4.8 30 All Zone 0.4 0.1 0.4 2.9 0.9 1.2 5.9 Annex 1.2 Income from fishing Fishing income indicator Fishing 4.37$/d *365 US$/yr 1596.87 Annex 1.3 Income from farming Farming income indicator Production cost Fertilizer use Pump water Plowing and harrowing Harvest cost Rice plantation cost Total Production Cost Rice yields Total income US$/ha/ 1season Total income US$/ha/yr US$/ha 150kg/ha 300L of gasoline/ha 3.75t/ha*0.225$/kg 416.25*2 67.5 207.5 32.5 32.5 87.5 427.5 843.75 416.25 832.5 Annex1.4: Income from trade Trade income indicator US$/d US$/yr 3.75$/d*365 1368.75 Selling fishes 5.625*365 2053.12 Other trade 26.87*365 9807.55 Groceries Total trade Average income (hh/yr) 13229.42 13229.42/3 4,409.81 Annex1.5: Income from services Service income indicators Motor taxi Rice milling Fishing process Batteries charge shop Worker Food and coffee shop Other service Total service Average income( hh/yr) US $/d 2.875*365 3.75*365 5*365 6.25*365 1.87*365 18.75*365 40*365 28652.5/7 US $/yr 1049.37 1368.75 1825 2281.25 684.37 6843.75 14600 28652.5 4,093.21 Annex 1.6: Income generation from total zones Characteristics Income Average Zone Population (millions) No of households Occupation Zone 0.085 0.057 14674 US$/hh/yr Occ,% US$/ yr Occ, % Zone 0.283 10516 0.47 53267 US$/yr Occ, % Zone 0.291 88444 Occ, % US$/yr 4.2 52720 Occ ,% US$/yr All zones 219621 Occ, % US$/yr US$/yr 84 37,027,889.21 77 56,694,815.10 22 9,436,221.00 63 115,917,061 91 352,646.38 2,041,451.38 14 19,772,699.84 5,051,219.18 21,042,371 18 2.10 973,844.80 11,509,970.11 32,371,762.56 30 70,210,525.33 12 116,218,425 84 4.80 2,066,121.43 8,503,287.67 13,756,754.88 30 64,738,209.36 53,038,337 53 Farming $832.50 26.10 3,188,403.41 Fishing $1,596.87 55.20 12,934,723.65 2.10 Trade $4,409.81 10.30 6,665,083.85 Service $4,093.21 4,444,718.50 Total income Zone 91 7,966,658.70 27232929 11359271 59082598 122596032 149436174 306216196 41 31 38 38 87 45 Note: Occ %: percentage of occupation 67 Annex 1.7: Income generation from total zones by percentages Income (%) Farming Zone 12 Zone 70 Zone 63 Zone 46 Zone All zones 38 Fishing 47 3 16 Trade 24 19 26 47 38 Service 16 18 14 11 43 17 Total percentage 99 99 99 99 99 100 Annex2: Sources of energy consumption Annex2.1: Energy for cooking Sources of Energy for cooking (%) Firewood Charcoal Kerosene Petroleum (LPG) Electricity Cambodia 83 9 - All zones 92.7 4.6 1.5 0.04 Zone 95.5 3.1 0.9 0.03 Zone 96.2 0.1 3.4 0.02 Zone 97.4 0.4 1.8 0.01 Zone 95.5 1.8 1.7 0.02 Zone 81.8 14.9 0.6 0.11 23 38 36 15.5 3.7 3.8 76.9 5.4 22.8 65.5 1.2 0.7 97 3.8 1.6 2.3 92.3 9.5 2.6 2.5 85.4 42.8 7.8 3.7 45.3 Annex2.2: Energy for lightening Sources of Energy for lightening (%) Publicly-Provided Electricity Power Privately generated electricity Batteries Kerosene lamp Note: - unknown Annex3: Drinking Water Supply –cost estimation HWTS Cost estimation No of household/water volume CWP 7.5US$+1.5$ 5persons/20L 4.5 Solar Disinfection 0.63US$*5 unit 5persons/20L 3.15 Bio Sand Filter 26US$ 5persons/20L 2.5 10.4 Boiling using firewood 1.45US$/month *12 5persons/20L 17.4 Boiling using LPG 2.66US$/month*12 5persons/20L 32 Settling - 5persons/20L 1.66 Chlorination - 5persons/20L 1.67 5persons/20L 1.66 SSF Note: 1.5US$ for replacement cost for broken parts Duration Cost (years) Production(US$/hh/yr) Annex4: Fuel consumption and emission factors by household (Calculation by Shipbuilding GHG Emission Inventory Tool) Indicators kg/d kg/yr Baseline-firewood 6.34 2314.1 1.56 0.1 36.5 2.74 0.11 1.7 (m3/d) 620.5 - Optimized-char briquette 1.1 365 0.1 0.097 LPG 0.06 21.9 3.08 0.06 Baseline-wood charcoal Optimized-biogas Kerosene Note: - unknown 0.12L/d 43.8L/yr 70 kg CO2/kg fuel 2.41kgCO2/L TCO2E/yr 0.07 Annex5: Agricultural and household waste materials Materials Char Briquette Mushroom Others Compost Biogas + + - + - + - Feeding cattle and pig - - + - - (+) + + - Crop based residue Banana residue (leave and stem) Bark Coconut husk/fiber - Corn core Corn residues (leave and stem) (+) (+) + - Feeding cattle Grasses (+) + - (+) Feeding cattle Peanut shell - - + (+) - Reed - - + (+) - Rice husk - - + + - Rice straw (+) (+) + + Feeding cattle + + - + - Soybean residue (leave) (+) (+) + + Feeding cattle Soybean residue (stem) - - + + - Sugar cane bagasse - - + + - (+) (+) + - Feeding cattle + - - + Sawdust + - + + - Wood residue Wood ash - - + - - Soybean husk Sugar cane residue (leaves) Water hyacinth Feeding cattle Forestry based residue + Tree leaves Animal husbandry + + + - - Chicken manure - + - - Cattle manure - + + - Human Urine + (+) - - Directly use as fertilizer Directly use as fertilizer - Human faeces + + - - - 71 Household waste Market waste + + - - - Vegetable residue Food waste + + + + - - - Fish scraps - - - - - Float fat (fish) - + - - - Paper - - + - - Glass/ plastic bottle - - - - Reusable Oil - - - - - Bones - - - - - Risk residue - - - - Lead acid Battery ( fishing and household purpose) - - - - Alkaline battery - - - - Medical waste - - - - Pesticide waste - - - - Proper collection and recyclable Proper collection and disposal Proper collection and disposal Proper collection and disposal Note: + suitable, - not suitable, and (+) limited suitability The material index is identified by clustering into potential categories; compost, biogas, char briquette, mushroom and others The characterization of classified materials is based on material properties such as easy degradability is suitable for compost and biogas High heating value material is suitable for char briquette High cellulose material is suitable to use as a substrate of mushroom Annex6: Drinking Water Quality Index Water quality index is indicated the water quality based on (http://www.waterresearch.net/watrqualindex/index.htm) In the Table 11 shows the water quality index Depend on this legend; the quality of surface water from Tonle Sap Lake is identified Water quality rate from Tonle Sap Lake Parameter Turbidity TN TP DO pH Water Quality in Tonle Sap Lake Region 450 0.35 0.03 120 6.5 Quality Rate Bad Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Annex 7: Household water treatment system (HWTS) for drinking water Parameter Pathogens; bacteria, virus, and protozoa Ammonia Iron Hardness Turbidity Color Odor Chloride Arsenic Cloth filtration SSF BSF (Slow) Coagu -lation Sedimen tation Chlorination SODIS CWP Boiling Oxidation - + + - - + + + + - + - + + - + + - - + + + + + + + + - + - + - - - - - - + - + - - - - - - - + - Aeration RO - - - - - - - - - - + + - + - + - - - - - - + + + Charcoal filtration - Note: - not suitable, + suitable Annex 8: Sanitation facility Situation Floating village Seasonal flooding Non-flooded Note: - not suitable, + suitable Dry toilet with 20L bucket emptying + + + Dry toilet with single pit + + 74 Ionexchange Alum-iron coagulation ... UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN EAM SAM UN HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION, CAMBODIA. .. accumulated in birds in the Tonle Sap Lake region were found (27ng/g) in 2003 The increasing use of pesticide in agriculture in the Tonle Sap Lake region is of concerns (EJF, 2002) The following,... extending the lake over the floodplain consisting of flooded forests, shrubs, and rice field (Keskinen, M, 2006) The variation of water volume in the lake is influenced by the increasing water