University success reading

University Success READING TRANSITION LEVEL Lawrence Zwier and Maggie Vosters Series Editor: Lawrence Zwier Authentic Content Contributors: Ronnie Alan Hess II and Victoria Solomon F01_USR_04_00785_FM.indd i 19/08/16 9:51 pm University Success Reading, Transition Level Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher Pearson Education, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030 Staff credits: The people who made up the University Success Reading, Transition Level team, representing content creation, design, manufacturing, marketing, multimedia, project management, publishing, rights management, and testing, are Pietro Alongi, Rhea Banker, Stephanie Bullard, Tracey Cataldo, Sara Davila, Mindy DePalma, Dave Dickey, Warren Fischbach, Nancy Flaggman, Gosia Jaros-White, Niki Lee, Amy McCormick, Jennifer Raspiller, Paula Van Ells, and Joseph Vella Project supervision: Debbie Sistino Contributing editors: Eleanor Barnes, Andrea Bryant, Nancy Matsunaga, and Leigh Stolle Cover image: Nassau Hall, Princeton University, Clock Tower © P Spiro / Alamy Stock Photo Text and cover design: Yin Ling Wong Video research: Constance Rylance Video production: Kristine Stolakis Text composition: MPS Limited Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for the print edition is available from the Library of Congress ISBN-10: 0-13-440078-X ISBN-13: 978-0-13-440078-5 Printed in the United States of America 16 F01_USR_04_00785_FM.indd ii 19/08/16 9:51 pm Contents Welcome to University Success iv Key Features of University Success viii Scope and Sequence xiii Acknowledgments xvii PART 1: FUNDAMENTAL READING SKILLS SOCIOLOGY: Active Reading ECONOMICS: Main Ideas and Supporting Details 24 BIOLOGY: Cohesion 46 HUMANITIES: Fluency and Accuracy 76 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: Visuals 104 PART 2: CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS SOCIOLOGY: Fact and Opinion 134 ECONOMICS: Implication and Inference 158 BIOLOGY: Evidence and Argumentation 180 HUMANITIES: Synthesis of Information 208 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: Definitions and Classifications 236 PART 3: EXTENDED READING SOCIOLOGY: The Art of Strategy 262 ECONOMICS: Supply and Demand in the Marketplace 278 BIOLOGY: A Study of Deadly Diseases 294 HUMANITIES: Cultivation of the Educated Person 308 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: In Pursuit of Clean Air 322 Credits 335 Index 336 CONTENTS F01_USR_04_00785_FM.indd iii iii 19/08/16 9:51 pm Welcome to University Success INTRODUCTION University Success is a new academic skills series designed to equip transitioning English learners with the reading, writing, and oral communication skills necessary to succeed in courses in an English-speaking university setting The blended instructional model provides students with an inspiring collection of extensive authentic content, expertly developed in cooperation with five subject matter experts, all “thought leaders” in their fields By utilizing both online and in-class instructional materials, University Success models the type of “real life” learning expected of students studying for a degree Unlike a developmental textbook, University Success recognizes the unique linguistic needs of English language learners The course carefully scaffolds skill development to help students successfully work with challenging and engaging authentic content provided by top professors in their academic fields SERIES ORGANIZATION: THREE STRANDS This three-strand series, Reading, Writing, and Oral Communication, includes five distinct content areas: the Human Experience, Money and Commerce, the Science of Nature, Arts and Letters, and Structural Science, all popular fields of study among English language learners The three strands are fully aligned across content areas and skills, allowing teachers to utilize material from different strands to support learning Teachers can delve deeply into skill development in a single skill area, or provide additional support materials from other skill areas for richer development across the four skills THE UNIVERSITY SUCCESS APPROACH: AN AUTHENTIC EXPERIENCE This blended program combines the utility of an interactive student book, online learner lab, and print course to create a flexible approach that adjusts to the needs of teachers and learners The skill-based and step-by-step instruction helps students master essential skills and become confident and successful in their ability to perform in academic-degree-bearing courses taught in English Students at this level need to engage with content that provides the same challenges faced by native speakers in a university setting Many English language learners are not prepared for the quantity of reading and writing required in college-level courses, nor are they properly prepared to listen to full-length lectures that have not been scaffolded for them These learners, away from the safety of an ESL classroom, must keep up with the rigors of a class led by a professor who may be unaware of the challenges a second-language learner faces University Success steps up to the podium to represent academic content realistically with the appropriate skill development and scaffolding essential for English language learners to be successful iv WELCOME F01_USR_04_00785_FM.indd iv 19/08/16 9:51 pm The program features the following: • Rigorous academic preparation that allows students to build on their strengths and prior knowledge, develop language and study skills, and increase their knowledge of academic content related to the STEAM areas of study • Systematic skill development, from strategies to critical thinking to application and assessment, that explicitly teaches students to notice, understand, and employ English language features in the comprehension and synthesis of new information • A fluency driven approach designed to help learners with fluency, accuracy, and automaticity allowing them to process linguistically complex texts of significant length • Flexible three-part developmental English approach that includes intensive skill development and extensive practice • Extensive work with authentic texts and videotaped lectures created by dynamic Stanford University professors providing a challenging experience that replicates the authentic experience of studying in a mainstream university classroom • Flexible format and sophisticated design for students who are looking for authentic academic content, comprehensive practice, and a true college experience • Global Scale of English for Academic Learners alignment with content tied to outcomes designed to challenge students who have achieved a B2+ level of proficiency or higher • Content and fluency vocabulary approach that develops learner ability to read words as multiword units and to process text more quickly and with greater ease • Strategies for academic success, delivered via online videos, including how to talk to professors during office hours and time management techniques, that help increase students’ confidence and ability to cope with the challenges of academic study and college culture • Continuous formative assessment and extensive formative assessment built into the series, offering multiple points of feedback, in class or online, assessing the ability of students to transfer and apply skills with rigorous academic challenges TEACHER SUPPORT Each of the three strands is supported with: • Comprehensive downloadable teaching notes in MyEnglishLab that detail key points for all of the specialized academic content in addition to tips and suggestions for teaching skills and strategies • An easy-to-use online learning management system offering a flexible gradebook and tools for monitoring student progress • Audioscripts, videoscripts, answer keys, and word lists to help in lesson planning and follow-up WELCOME F01_USR_04_00785_FM.indd v v 19/08/16 9:51 pm BOOK ORGANIZATION: THREE PARTS University Success is designed with a part structure that allows for maximum flexibility for teachers The series is “horizontally” aligned allowing teachers to teach across a specific content area and “vertically” aligned allowing a teacher to gradually build skills Each part is a self-contained module, offering teachers the ability to customize a nonlinear program that will best address the needs of students The skills, like the content areas, are aligned, giving teachers and students the opportunity to explore the differences in application based on the type of study experience the students need In Part and Part students work with comprehensive skills that include: • Working with and developing complex ideas reflecting areas of academic interest • Using, creating, and interpreting visuals from data, experiments, and research • Distinguishing facts and opinions and hedging when presenting, reviewing, or writing academic research • Recognizing and using inference and implications in academic fields • Identifying, outlining, and describing complex processes in research, lab work, and experiments Part provides a truly authentic experience for students with an extended essay (Reading strand), lecture (Oral Communication strand), and interview about the writing process (Writing strand) provided by the thought leader Part functions as a final formative assessment of a student’s ability to apply skills with mainstream academic content Part content includes: • Subject matter to which students can find personal connections • Topics with interdisciplinary appeal • Material that draws students into the most current debates in academia • Topics that strengthen the cultural and historical literacy of students vi The three strands can stand alone or work together as a complete course Skills aligned across strands Part Fundamental Skills Part Critical Thinking Skills Part Authentic Extended Content STEAM content areas aligned across strands and parts Customizable Learning Path: horizontal, vertical, and nonlinear The Human Experience The Human Experience The Human Experience Money and Commerce Money and Commerce Money and Commerce The Science of Nature The Science of Nature The Science of Nature Arts and Letters Arts and Letters Arts and Letters Structural Science Structural Science Structural Science WELCOME F01_USR_04_00785_FM.indd vi 19/08/16 9:51 pm SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS Marcelo Clerici-Arias teaches undergraduate courses at Stanford University’s Department of Economics, from principles of microand macroeconomics to upper-level courses in computational economics, behavioral economics, and economic policy He has researched innovative pedagogies used in economics and other social and natural sciences His main research areas are game theory, computational economics, and teaching and learning Professor Clerici-Arias is a popular speaker and presenter, has participated in NSF-sponsored projects, and has co-edited an economics textbook Jonathan D Greenberg is a lecturer in law at Stanford Law School; teaching fellow for the school’s advanced degree program in International Economic Law, Business and Policy; and scholar-inresidence at the school’s Gould Center for Conflict Resolution He has published scholarly articles and chapters in a broad range of interdisciplinary journals and books Robert Pogue Harrison is a professor of French and Italian literature at Stanford University and author of six books, the most recent of which is Juvenescence: A Cultural History of Our Age (2014) He writes regularly for the New York Review of Books and hosts the radio podcast Entitled Opinions He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 2014 he was knighted Chevalier of the French Republic Lynn Hildemann is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and currently is serving as department chair She is an author on over 80 peerreviewed publications Her research areas include the sources and dispersion of airborne particulate matter in indoor environments and assessment of human exposure to air pollutants She has served on advisory committees for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District and the California Air Resources Board and as an associate editor for Environmental Science & Technology Robert Siegel is a professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Stanford University He holds secondary appointments in the Program in Human Biology, the Center for African Studies, and the Woods Institute for the Environment He is the recipient of numerous teaching awards including Stanford’s highest teaching accolade, the Walter Gores Award Dr Siegel’s courses cover a wide range of topics including virology, infectious disease, and global health, as well as molecular biology, Darwin and evolution and island biogeography, and photography He is an avid hiker, photographer, and dromomaniac SERIES EDITORS Robyn Brinks Lockwood teaches courses in spoken and written English at Stanford University in the English for Foreign Students graduate program and is the program education coordinator of the American Language and Culture undergraduate summer program She is an active member of the international TESOL organization, serves as chairperson of the Publishing Professional Council, and is a past chair of the Materials Writers Interest Section She is a frequent presenter at TESOL regional and international conferences She has edited and written numerous textbooks, online courses, and ancillary components for ESL courses and TOEFL preparation Maggie Sokolik holds a BA in anthropology from Reed College, and an MA in romance linguistics and a PhD in applied linguistics from UCLA She is the author of over 20 ESL and composition textbooks She has taught at MIT, Harvard, Texas A&M, and currently UC Berkeley, where she is director of College Writing Programs She has developed and taught several popular MOOC courses in English language writing and literature She is the founding editor of TESL-EJ, a peerreviewed journal for ESL/EFL professionals, one of the first online journals She travels frequently to speak about grammar, writing, and instructor education She lives in the San Francisco Bay area, where she and her husband play bluegrass music Lawrence J Zwier is an associate director of the English Language Center, Michigan State University He holds a bachelor’s degree in English literature from Aquinas College, Grand Rapids, MI, and an MA in TESL from the University of Minnesota He has taught ESL/EFL at universities in Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Japan, Singapore, and the United States He is the author of numerous ELT textbooks, mostly about reading and vocabulary, and also writes nonfiction books about history and geography for middle school and high school students He is married with two children and lives in Okemos, Michigan WELCOME F01_USR_04_00785_FM.indd vii vii 19/08/16 9:51 pm Key Features of University Success Reading UNIQUE PART STRUCTURE University Success employs a unique three-part structure, providing maximum flexibility and multiple opportunities to customize the flow of content Each part is a self-contained module allowing teachers to focus on the highest value skills and content Parts are aligned around science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematic (STEAM) content relevant to mainstream academic areas of study Part and Part focus on the fundamental and critical thinking skills most relevant for students preparing for university degrees Part introduces students to extended practice with the skills Students work directly with the authentic content created by top professors in their academic fields PART PART Fundamental SSkills kills Reading Skil Extended Reading T HE HUMAN E XPERIENCE Sociology T HE HUMAN E XPERIENCE ACTI V E R E A DING DIN Sociology MONE Y AND COMMERCE Economics M A IN IDE A S A N ND SU PPORT ING DETA IL S Economics 24 T HE SCIENCE OF NAT URE Biology COHESION Biology 46 PART FLUENC Y A ND ACCUR A AC Y 76 STRUC T UR AL SCIENCE Environmental Engineering 262 SU PPLY A ND DEM A ND IN T HE M A R K ET PL ACE 278 T HE SCIENCE OF NAT URE AR T S AND LE T T ER S Humanities T HE A RT OF ST R AT EGY MONE Y AND COMMERCE A ST U DY OF DE A DLY DISE A SES 294 AR T S AND LE T T ER S Humanities Critical g SSkills kills ki ills Thinking CU LT I VAT ION OF T HE EDUC AT ED PER SON 308 STRUC T UR AL SCIENCE V ISUA L S Environmental Engineering 104 04 Part is designed to build fundamental skills step steep by step through the exploration of rigorous, IN PU R SU IT OF CL E A N A IR 322 Part presents authentic content written by university professors Academically rigorous peccifi fic learning outcomes in each unit focus on academic content Practice activities tied to specifi application and assessment activities allow for a synthesis of the skills developed in Parts and th he skills understanding the function and application of the T HE HUMAN E XPERIENCE Sociology FACT A ND OPINION 134 MONE Y AND COMMERCE CPR4_P1_SOC.indd 04/08/2016 8:02 pm Economics CPR4_P3_SOC.indd 261 IMPL IC AT ION A ND INFER ENCE 08/08/2016 4:07 pm 158 T HE SCIENCE OF NAT URE Biology EV IDENCE A ND A RGUMEN TATION 180 AR T S AND LE T T ER S Humanities SY N THESIS OF INFOR M ATION 208 STRUC T UR AL SCIENCE Environmental Engineering DEFINIT IONS A ND CL A SSIFIC AT IONS 236 Part moves from skill building to application of the skills that require critical thinking Practice activities tied to specific learning outcomes in each unit require a deeper level of understanding of the academic content CPR4_P2_SOC.indd 133 viii 08/08/2016 4:00 pm KE Y FE ATURE S F01_USR_04_00785_FM.indd viii 19/08/16 9:51 pm PART AND PART Sound design creates a healthier world ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING A Unit Profile outlines the content Outcomes aligned with the Global Scale of English (GSE) are clearly stated to ensure student awareness of skills Getting Started questions explore the content, develop context, and engage students’ prior knowledge Visuals UNIT PROFILE OUTCOMES You will consider the subject of environmental engineering— specifically the issue of air quality You will study measurements of air quality, effects of air pollutants, and systems for ensuring clean air • Interpret visuals Skim the reading “Nanofibers Revolutionize Air Filtration” on page 129 Look at the diagrams Can you think of devices that accomplish filtration? Where might they be found? Why is this filtration probably necessary? An online selfassessment identifies students’ confidence with skills and helps them create personal learning objectives Professors greet students at the beginning and end of each part, providing a preview and a wrap-up of the content • Understand text references to visuals • Interpret the information in visuals • Refer to visual data within and beyond a reading • Recognize and learn multiword vocabulary items GETTING STARTED Go to to listen to Professor Hildemann and to complete a self-assessment Discuss these questions with a partner or group Think about the air you breathe as you go through an average week Where you think it’s the cleanest? The most polluted? What are the main components of the pollution? Can you see, smell, or taste the pollutants? Think of an area that has polluted air What health effects has this had on people who live there? Is anyone held responsible for causing the pollution? Is anyone making an effort to clean it up? Imagine a new office building being constructed in a highly polluted city What technological features can be installed to clean the inside air and make it better than the outside air? For more about ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, see See also ENGINEERING 104 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING and ENVIRONMENTAL PART CPR4_P1_ENG.indd 104 08/08/2016 3:48 pm Why It’s Useful highlights the purpose for developing the Fundamental Skill or Critical Thinking Skill and supports transfer of the skill to mainstream class content A detailed presentation contextualizes the skill’s value in academic study PART FUNDAMENTAL SKILL READING ACTIVELY WHY IT’S USEFUL By reading actively—using high-level mental activities such as questioning, evaluating an author’s claims, and keeping track of ideas to explore further—you create a deeper understanding of a passage Reading is an active, not passive, process A reader does more than simply receive information that a writer has laid out Good readers begin forming ideas about the topic as soon as they see the simplest features of a reading, such as the title and any images Before they read, active readers skim the reading to get a general idea of its main ideas While they read, they continually ask themselves questions about what they read, and many of them take notes either in the margins, in a notebook, or on a computer After they read, readers review their notes and perhaps classroom exercises that require scanning back for facts or even rereading certain sections This unit breaks active reading down into two supporting skills: • skimming for gist • scanning for details A Noticing Activity allows students to see the skill demonstrated within the context of an authentic academic reading NOTICING ACTIVITY As you read the following passage, be aware of questions that form in your mind about the topic Write five questions that you asked yourself about the topic Use these lists of words to help you express your thoughts Question Words / Phrases Topic Words How When Where advantage competition domination Who Why How many / How much What does X mean What is an example of Japanese lateral thinking market strategy tactical The Game of Go Online activities encourage students to personalize content with collaborative research activities The ancient Chinese game Go is comparable to the classic Western game of chess in terms of the games’ long histories, labyrinthine techniques, ardent fan bases, and seemingly infinite possibilities for winning Go, however, teaches a manner of strategic thinking different from chess that might offer a particular advantage in the sphere of business Where chess is a game of strategy with tactical threats, attacks, and eventual domination over the other player’s pieces, Go seeks to control territory on a board through a combination of patience, balance, and lateral thinking that leads to an eventual comparative advantage over the opposing player In fact, many Japanese business executives compare the vast number of possibilities on the board of Go to the international market, and find Go board-placement strategy akin to resource allocation In addition, players in Go may concede tactical losses in the interest of presenting a strategic advantage, and parallels may be drawn between this aspect of the game and competitive business behavior For example, Nissan settled for a 30 percent share of the Japanese economy car market, yielding a 40 percent share to competitor Toyota in order to strengthen its hold on particular target markets, including the sale of luxury vehicles, sports cars, and minivans Go to TIP As you read, open a notebook or note-taking so ware and jot down ideas, questions, etc., like the question in the margin, above to complete a vocabulary exercise and skill practice, and to join in collaborative activities Active Reading CPR4_P1_SOC.indd F01_USR_04_00785_FM.indd ix How is it possible to lose in a tactical area but still gain a strategic advantage? 04/08/2016 8:02 pm KE Y FE ATURE S ix 19/08/16 9:51 pm Each skill is divided into discreet Supporting Skills SUPPORTING SKILL IDENTIFYING SENTENCE FUNCTIONS WHY IT’S USEFUL By identifying the functions of sentences within a paragraph, you can quickly understand the meaning of the ideas within it You will feel the flow of ideas within a paragraph and between paragraphs Sentences are the building blocks of paragraphs, performing specific functions In the reading “Comparative Advantage” on the previous page, you saw labels identifying the types of sentences that make up the paragraphs Not all paragraphs have all of the following kinds of sentences, and sometimes a single sentence can serve more than one of these functions: • set-up sentence—a sentence, sometimes in the form of a TIP question, that sets the context for the topic sentence of a To get the gist of a reading, or to “preview” it, read the title and the first paragraph and last sentence of each paragraph • topic sentence(s)—one or two sentences that indicate the While the advantage of reading the last sentence may not be clear at first, this topic and express the main idea or purpose of the paragraph is suggested because the end connector • supporting details —specific facts, examples, or pieces of o en indicates the main idea of the paragraph that follows information that explain or support the main idea • end connector —a sentence or phrase that connects the ideas in a paragraph to the next paragraph • beginning connector —a sentence or phrase that connects the ideas in a new paragraph to the previous paragraph • conclusion —one or two sentences indicating that the discussion of the paragraph’s main idea is finished; most paragraphs not have conclusions Multiple excercises encourage application of the skills and build fundamental and critical thinking skills EXERCISE A Read the title of the following passage What does the title suggest about the importance of comparative advantage? B Read the passage for general meaning Then read it again, concentrating on the functions of sentences Notice the sample labels in Paragraphs and Write similar labels for the sentences in Paragraphs and If a sentence has two functions, write both labels SU: Set-up sentence TS: Topic sentence A variety of reading types represent “real-life” university experiences SD: Supporting detail EC: End connector BC: Beginning connector Comparative Advantage Theory in a Global Economy SU The modern, globalized economy is a complex collection of nations and industries TS All involved seek to maximize their profits in international trade, which—economists have pointed out—depends on leveraging their comparative advantages SD Nations that shrewdly recognize and exploit comparative advantages can enjoy robust growth, and those that nimbly refocus their efforts to move from one advantageous pursuit to another especially well SD However, it is common for nations either to fail to recognize their advantages or to a poor job of exploiting them EC History offers many notable examples of ineffective and effective economic policies TS Consider the US economy after the disastrous stock market crash in 1929 SD As BC, bad as things were, the US economy enjoyed comparative advantages in a number of areas, from agricultural products to film technology to capital goods (equipment used in factories to produce other othe ot herr goods) g od go ods) s) SD If If the the US ggovernment over ov ernm nmen entt had had kept kept p the the doors doo oors rs of of international inte in tern rnat atio iona nall trade trad tr adee open, op pen en,, US 26 ECONOMIC S PART CPR4_P1_ECO.indd 26 04/08/2016 8:08 pm Reading-Writing Connection aligns the Reading and Writing strands establishing how strategies apply across language skills and using authentic academic content relevant to mainstream study READING-WRITING CONNECTION SUMMARIZING WHY IT’S USEFUL By writing a summary after you have read something, you are creating a study tool that you can refer back to, discovering what you did and did not understand about the text, and consolidating your memory of information from the text A summary is a short version n of an original text that gives the most important information As a student, you will frequently be asked to summarize a text in order to demonstrate (1) your understanding of its main idea(s) ea(s) and (2) your ability to express the information in your own words and in a much shorter form The most important aspects of a summary are its brevity and its accuracy It has to clearly capture the main LANGUAGE SKILL idea(s) of the original text in a condensed form Before you summarize a text, make sure you have carefully USING DICTIONARIES TO STRENGTHEN VOCABULARY read and understood it Most sentences contain words or phrases that are not necessary to include in a WHY IT’S USEFUL By summary Here are some suggestions gestions to help you keep your summaries shortfamiliarizing and focused:yourself with three features of dictionary entries, you can work to further develop and strengthen your vocabulary • Notice the title Note the he topic, main idea(s), your questions, and important supporting details (Or make an outline too help you see important elementsyour andEnglish plan your summary.) In building vocabulary, being able to make full use of a dictionary and its features is key • Use your own words Understanding the components of a dictionary entry will help take your vocabulary to the next level • Brevity is a central feature ture of a good summary Thecritical best summaries are aboutentries one-third length are multiple definitions listed for some words, Three parts of dictionary andthe subentries of the original collocations, and multiword units • Avoid words or phrasess that not contain important information—for example: as most readers • If you are relatively familiar with dictionaries, you will know from experience that one word often already know, after all, according to several sources has multiple definitions To find the one you need, first quickly scan all of the definitions, as well • Avoid repeated words, phrases, and ideas example phrases and sentences provided If you cannot find the right definition by scanning, • Use pronouns (it, this, they, they, etc.) to replace repeatedasorthe of words long sequences slow down and read each definition (plus examples) more carefully Then return to the original • Shorten or leave out most examples and minor supporting details context where to you the word andweren’t determine which definition best fits that context • Shorten or avoid stylistic tic expressions—for example: surprisingly, tellfound the truth, as if this The Language Skill study provides support for complex lexical and grammatical skills strange enough, and so on Example • Shorten or leave out parenthetical or phrases extra, of unnecessary arenthetical expressions—words Original context:that Themake geography the countryside near my home is mountainous and replete comments about an idea usually appear between parentheses, dashes, dea Parenthetical expressions with valleys or commas: (xxx) —xxx— xx— , xxx, Dictionary entry: EXERCISE ssage What is the main idea?Dictionary A Read the title and the passage Thesaurus Topic Vocabulary Study Center Exam Practice Writing Skills geography the study of the countries, oceans, rivers, mountains, cities, etc., as well as populations, industry, agriculture, and economies of different areas of the world Gift Exchanges c h an nges as an Economic System Economies come in many any shapes and sizes, not all of them involving lving moneybased trading Some theorists, rists, such as the French sociologist and d anthropologist Marcel Mauss, have concentrated entrated on “gift economies.” These involvee exchange, just as money-oriented economies mies do, but the interaction is less direct The basic idea is that I help you meet your ur needs even though you don’t have anything ything to give me in return—not yet, anyway yway I trust that at some point in the future, you or your relatives will give something mething to me balance out Although to b alan al ance an ce tthings hing hi nggs ou out t A t ltho lt houg ho uggh su such ch a hough 34 ECONOMIC S PART the way the parts of a place are arranged, such as the location of streets, mountains, rivers, etc the way that the buildings, streets, etc., within an area are arranged Here, the second definition best explains geography as it is used in the original context In order to build your existing vocabulary, it is essential to develop the skill of determining the best definition from a multiple-definition entry • Collocations—the way in which some words are often used together, or a particular combination of words—may be indicated in a dictionary by being set in bold, italics, or within example sentences Some dictionaries even highlight collocations in special boxes Identifying collocations for a Canoes arriving for a potlatch, a gi -giving -g giving feast practiced by word will help you with comprehension indigenousgiven peoples of the Pacific Pacifi fic Northwest Nort thwest coast of Canada and and writing the Un Unite United ited ite d For States Stat Stat tates es example, the adjective strong collates with the word principles in this sentence: The man has strong principles, always demonstrating honesty and truthfulness Strong cannot be replaced with a word that has a similar meaning, like muscular • A multiword unit is a vocabulary item made of two or 8:08 pm more words that are very tightly bound to each 04/08/2016 other Some familiar kinds of multiword units are phrasal verbs (pass out, see [something] through, clean up), compound nouns (brass knuckles, space shuttle, USB port), and idioms, in whole or in part (odd man out, the last straw, a stitch in time) CPR4_P1_ECO.indd 34 16 x KE Y FE ATURE S F01_USR_04_00785_FM.indd x SOCIOLOGY CPR4_P1_SOC.indd 16 TIP Research An online corpus—a large collection of written and / or spoken language—can be very helpful in developing your knowledge of collocations Most corpora have a “collocations” feature, where you can enter the word you want to use and then a word you think might collocate with it If a list of sentences containing the words you entered appears, it means that those two words collocate with each other If only a few sentences appear, the collocation is probably weak If no sentences appear in the results, you can assume that the two words not collocate If there is a word you want to use but you not know what other words collocate with it, you can find out by simply entering the word into the search box for your online corpus and then analyzing the results to determine which co-occurrences are common PART 04/08/2016 8:03 pm 19/08/16 9:51 pm Index Page numbers in bold refer to visuals (tables and figures) Page numbers in italics refer to terms found in audio referenced on those pages abbreviations capitalization and, 303 in technical academic writing, 326 academic freedom, 315 accounting “Accounting in Context” (economics reading), 160–161 development of, 160–161 German code law, 160 income inequality and, 169 practices under common law, 160 “Accounting in Context” (economics reading), 160–161 accuracy, 79–80 fluency and, 76–103 increasing fluency, 79–80 tolerating ambiguity, 83–84 acknowledgement of opposition, 89 active reading, 1–28 scanning for details, 7–10 skimming for gist, 4–5 ad hominem argument, 187 Aeneid (Virgil), 210, 224 affixes, 38–39 Affordable Care Act of 2010, 176 Afghanistan, polio vaccinations and, 63–64 African Americans, 149 see also civil rights; civil rights movement; voting AIG Insurance, 32 air-conditioning, 238–239 air quality and, 257–258 air filtration, nanofibers and, 129–131 air pollution “Air Quality and Athletic Events” (environmental engineering reading), 114–115 athletic events and, 114–115 classification of pollutants, 245, 324 fossil fuel global emissions 1900–2010, 118 health and, 245–246 human activities, 324 impact of energy-saving devices on, 257–258 indoor, 237–238, 245–246, 257–258, 323, 324, 327, 329 indoor combustion, 324 indoor/outdoor ratio of, 328 internal combustion engines and, 109–111 materials and consumer products, 324 net-zero energy building, 258 “Sick Building Syndrome” (environmental engineering reading), 248–249 in the United States, 110, 119, 121, 131 VOCs and, 237–238 air pollution, indoor factors affecting, 326, 329 health effects of air pollutants, 323 implications for indoor sources, 330 implications for outdoor air pollution, 329–330 indoor source emissions, 329 indoor ventilation, 326 outdoor air as a source, 326 air quality see also air pollution “Air Quality and Athletic Events” (environmental engineering reading), 114–115 “History of Air Quality in the US” (environmental engineering reading), 119, 121–123 “Internal Combustion Engines and Air Quality” (environmental engineering reading), 109–111 “The Impact of Energy-Saving Devices on Indoor Air Quality” (environmental engineering reading), 257–258 “Air Quality and Athletic Events” (environmental engineering reading), 114–115 airborne pollutants concentrations of before, during, and after restrictions on activities, 114 concentrations of, Beijing 2008, 114 Alexander the Great, 15, 80–81, 81 “Aristotle and Alexander the Great” (humanities reading), 80–81 Alighieri, Dante see Dante Allegory of the Cave (Plato), 87, 92 allusion, 89 ALS (Lou Gerhig’s disease), 303 Alzheimer’s disease, 195–196, 303 “Alzheimer’s Disease and Prion Diseases” (biology reading), 195–196 amyloid beta peptides, 196 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and, 196 prion diseases and, 195–196 “Alzheimer’s Disease and Prion Diseases” (biology reading), 195–196 ambiguity study skills and, 83 tolerating, 83–84 American building standards, 248–249 American Lung Association, 123, 245 American Medical Association, 245 Amnesty International, 270 Animal Farm (Orwell), 92 animal testing, 202 annotating, 11 see also notes, taking examples, 12–13 note-taking style, 11 reader’s reflections on, 11 taking notes and, 11–12 anti-vaxxers, 56–58 antiSemitism, 144 336 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 336 19/08/16 9:50 pm appeal to authority, 89–90 Apple, 266–267 argumentation evaluating, 181 evaluating evidence, 181, 184 evidence and, 180–207 extended metaphor, 192–195 faulty rhetoric, 187–188 identify and use expressions of function and purpose, 198–199 identifying evidence, 183–184 phrases used to introduce or refer to evidence, 183–184 Aristotle, 80–81 “Aristotle and Alexander the Great” (humanities reading), 80–81 The Art of War (Sun Tzu), 271 asbestos, 107 in lung tissue, 108 Asia Minor, 214 ataraxia, 313 Athenian democracy, 86 athletics, 13 “Air Quality and Athletic Events” (environmental engineering reading), 114–115 ancient Greece and, 13 ancient Rome and, 14–15 “Athletics in Classical Times” (sociology reading), 13, 14–15 nationalism and, pollution and, 114 “Athletics in Classical Times” (sociology reading), 14–15 excerpt, 13 Atlanta Daily World, 142 Australia, accounting in, 160 automaticity, 77, 79 Axial Age, 100 Babbage, Miles, 93 Bacon, Francis, 92 bailout plan, 32 Baker, Charles, 190 Barry, Marion, 144 beginning connector, 26 Bell, Fiona, 91 Beloved (Morrison), 93 Berlin Wall, bias, 136 biology readings “Alzheimer’s Disease and Prion Diseases”, 195–196 “Cancer: Research, Diagnoses, and Prognoses”, 185–186 “Cows, Cannibals, and Crystals—Explaining the Mechanism of Prion Diseases”, 295–298, 299–301, 302–303 “DNA Vaccines”, 72–73 “Live Attenuated Vaccines and Inactivated Vaccines”, 53 “Mad Cow Disease”, 189–190 “The MMR Vaccine and Anti-Vaxxers”, 56–58 “Poliovirus”, 63–65 “The Truth About Cancer Rates”, 181–182 “Vaccinating Against Cancer”, 201–202 “What Is a Vaccine?”, 48 Black Panther Party, 145, 151 see also Black Panther Party for Self-Defense Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, 146–147, 151 see also Black Panther Party fact sheet, 148 “Black Power” salute, 148 Blumberg, Baruch, 202, 296 Boston University, 145 bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 189–190 see also mad cow disease Brazil, 43 BRCA1 gene, 186 BRCA2 gene, 186 Britain accounting in, 160 Department of National Heritage, 10 mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE), 189, 302 Mahatma Gandhi and, 138, 142 rearmament during WWII, 271 salt campaign and, 138 sports and nationalism in, trade with Portugal, 36–37 British South Asiatic Society, 189 Brown, Elaine, 148 Bunyan, John, 223 “Buy American” (economics reading), 27 buying local, 31 Caesar, Julius, 93 California Department of Public Health, 58 laws about unvaccinated children, 58 Campbell, Joseph, 231 Canada, sports and nationalism in, cancer, 201–202 BRCA1 gene, 186 BRCA2 gene, 186 “Cancer: Research, Diagnoses, and Prognoses” (biology reading), 185–186 cervical cancer cases and deaths in US females from 1992 to 2012, 203 diagnoses, 185 DNA, carcinogens and, 185–186 genetics, 186 leukemia, virus and heredity, 201 rates of, 181–182 research and, 185–186 “The Truth About Cancer Rates” (biology reading), 181–182 vaccines and, 201–202 337 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 337 19/08/16 9:50 pm “Cancer: Research, Diagnoses, and Prognoses” (biology reading), 185–186 cancer vaccines, 201–202 Candide (Voltaire), 316 Čapek, Karel, 309, 312 Capone, Al, 165 caption (Including source note), 113 captions, 108 carbon dioxide, air quality and, 257–258 Carlos, John, 148, 151 cause/effect, 50 language used with, 50 Cecil, lion shot by US dentist, 176 Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 58 central dogma of biology, 296–297 charts, 105 Chatwin, Bruce, 85 check what you’ve learned, 265, 268, 272, 284, 286, 289, 298, 301, 304, 311, 314, 317, 325, 327, 331 children exercise and, 113 levels of lead and, 127 unvaccinated, 58 Chile, Santiago, pollution and, 114 China Cultural Revolution, 101 education curriculum, 102 Han Dynasty, 101, 239 Imperial, 101 pollution and, 114 Quinn Dynasty, 101 Tang Dynasty, 239 use of air conditioning in, 239 Zhou Dynasty, 100 Christianity, depictions of the underworld, 210 chronic wasting disease, 307 Chrysler, 32 Churchill, Winston, 92, 220 citations, 14 civil disobedience, 142 Gandhi, Mahatma, 138 “Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience” (sociology reading), 154–155 civil rights “Competing Approaches to the Civil Rights Struggle” (sociology reading), 145–147 Jim Crow laws and, 12 movements, 145–147 “Competing Approaches to the Civil Rights Struggle” (sociology reading), 145–147 clarifiers, 254–255 “Classes of Molds That Grow Indoors” (environmental engineering reading), 244–245 classifications, 244 basis for, 241 characteristics of good classification, 241 classes and subclasses, 242 definitions and, 238–269 graphic organizer, 245 outline, 245 tree and subclasses, 243 understanding, 237–238 working with, 241–242 Clean Air Act of 1970, 121–122 Clean Power Plan (EPA), 123 Cleaver, Eldridge, 148 cohesion, 46–75, 53–55 cause/effect, 50 compare/contrast, 51 in descriptions, 56 increasing fluency, 79 nonlinear, 56 patterns of, 50, 56, 59 problem/solution, 52 spacial patterns, 56 spatio-temporal patterns, 56 temporal patterns, 56 tolerating ambiguity, 83–84 colleges and universities, 315 campuses in the US, 309 garden-like campuses, 316 collocations, 16, 66–67 metaphor and, 68–69 Combat Sports in the Ancient World: Competition, Violence and Culture (Poliakoff ), 15 “Comparative Advantage and Job-Hunting” (economics reading), 36–37 “Comparative Advantage” (economics reading), 26 excerpt, 25 comparative advantage theory “Comparative Advantage and Job-Hunting” (economics reading), 36–37 “Comparative Advantage” (economics reading), 25–26 global economy and, 26–27 job hunting and, 36–37 “Comparative Advantage Theory in a Global Economy” (economics reading), 26–27, 28 compare/contrast, 50 language used with, 51 “Competing Approaches to the Civil Rights Struggle” (sociology reading), 145–147 Components of Chinese Education Curriculum (table) period of anti-traditionalism, 102 present day Confucianism, 102 conclusion, 26 Confucian doctrine, Chinese education and, 101, 102 “Confucius’s Influence” (humanities reading), 100–101 Confucius, 100–101, 310 Analects, 100 “Confucius’s Influence” (humanities reading), 100–101 ethical teachings of, 100–101 Socrates and, 100–101 338 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 338 19/08/16 9:50 pm Congress, 165 Congress of Racial Equality, 142 connotation, 136 conspiracy theory, 187 consumer surplus, 283, 283 cooling systems, ancient, 239 Copa América soccer tournament, 114 “Cows, Cannibals, and Crystals—Explaining the Mechanism of Prion Diseases” (biology reading), 295–303 Coxey, Jacob S., 144 “Coxey’s Army”, 144 credibility, 215 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 189–190, 196, 296 see also prion diseases critical thinking, 22, 44, 73, 102, 131, 155, 178, 202, 233, 259, 273, 290, 304, 318, 331–332 critical thinking skills definitions and classifications, 238–269 evidence and argumentation, 180–207 fact and opinion, 133–157 implication and inference, 158–179 synthesis of information from several sources, 208–235 critiques characteristics of, 143 criteria, 143 evaluative remarks, 143 evidence, 143 fair, 143 hedging, 143 the proper persona in, 143 reading and writing, 143–144 reasonable, 143 speculation, 143 understanding and producing, 143–145 “The Cultivation of Higher Learning” (humanities reading), 309–316 abstract, 309 Cultural Revolution (China), 101 Dante, 210, 221, 223–224 deadweight loss, 287, 288 definitions classifications and, 238–260 multiple, 16 recognizing and understanding within a text, 237–239 signal phrases, 238 understanding, 237–238 demand curve, 281, 281 democracy, Athenian, 86 “Depictions of the Underworld” (humanities reading), 210 descriptions cohesion in, 56 of processes, 48 spatial, 61 temporal, 61 diagrams, 105 dictionaries, 16 collocations and, 67 strength of, 126 using to strengthen vocabulary, 16–18 direct statements, deliberative implications and, 164–165 diseases, deadly, 294–307 The Divine Comedy (Dante), 210, 223–224 DNA carcinogens and, 185–186 “DNA Vaccines” (biology reading), 72–73 vaccines and, 72–73 “DNA Vaccines” (biology reading), 72–73 Doctors Without Borders, 270 Drezner, Daniel, 42 Du Bois, W.E.B., 141, 145 Earned Income Tax Credit, 170 economics readings “Accounting in Context” (economics reading), 160–161 “Buy American”, 27 “Comparative Advantage and Job-Hunting”, 36–37 “Comparative Advantage Theory in a Global Economy” (economics reading), 26–27 “The Effects of Tariffs on Research and Development”, 161–162 “The Free Silver Movement”, 173 “Gift Exchanges as an Economic System”, 32, 34–35 “The Many Definitions of Income”, 169–170 “Markets, Prices, and Price Controls”, 279–288 “Patriotic Purchasing”, 29–30 “Public Goods vs Private Gain”, 176–178 “Smoking, Sin Taxes, and Changing Habits”, 165–166 “Success and Failure in the Global Economy”, 28 “World Trade Problems and their Resolutions”, 42–44 education as cultivation, 309–310 cultivation of the educated person, 308–321 curriculum in China, 102 “Plato’s Academy” (humanities reading), 86–87 “Socratic Dialogue” (humanities reading), 91–93 “The Cultivation of Higher Learning” (humanities reading), 309–316 “What Does Education Mean?” (humanities reading), 78 Edward I, King, 121 effectiveness, 265 “The Effects of Tariffs on Research and Development” (economics reading), 161–162 e.g., 267 Eglis Saga of Iceland, 221 339 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 339 19/08/16 9:50 pm electricity Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system, 119 watts used per household in a single day, 120–121 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 154 end connector, 26 environmental engineering readings “Air Quality and Athletic Events”, 114–115 “Classes of Molds That Grow Indoors”, 244–245 “History of Air Quality in the US”, 119 “The Impact of Energy-Saving Devices on Indoor Air Quality”, 257–258 “Indoor Air Pollutants and Health”, 245–246 “Indoor Air Pollutants—VOCs”, 237–238 “Internal Combustion Engines and Air Quality”, 109–111 “Is Air-Conditioning Necessary?”, 238–239 “Nanofibers Revolutionize Air Filtration”, 129–131 “Pollutants and the Respiratory System”, 107 “Sick Building Syndrome”, 248–249 “Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants, 323–331 Epicurus, 309, 312–313 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 202 equilibrium price, 280 equivalent expression, identifying and using, 173–174 Europe, medieval, 210 evaluative remarks, 143 evidence, 143 argumentation and, 180–207 evaluating, 181 evaluative questions, 184 expressions of function and purpose, 198–199 identifying and evaluating, 183–184 phrases used to introduce or refer to evidence, 183–184 recognizing and dealing with faulty rhetoric, 187–188 understand extended metaphor, 192–195 exaggeration, 188 extended metaphor, 193–194 characteristics of, 192 reading and writing, 192 extended quotation, 220 fact, 136 opinion and, 133–157 “Factual Digressions in Literature” (humanities reading), 85 factual statements, features of, 140 false certainty, 188 false dilemma, 188 Farmer, James, 142 Farrakhan, Louis, 144 faulty rhetoric, 187 in academic writing, 187 in an account of a debate or controversy, 187 in journalistic writing, 187 logical faults, 187 in on-line publications, 187 recognizing and dealing with, 187–188 FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association), 21 figures, 105 first-person, using in academic writing, 192 First Vatican Council, 224 fluency, 79 accuracy and, 76–103 developing, 77 extensive reading and, 79 increasing, 77, 79–80 tolerating ambiguity, 77, 83–84 Ford, Henry, 217 Ford Motor Company, 32, 217 fossil fuels, global emissions from, 118 “Free Silver” movement, 173 “The Free Silver Movement” (economics reading), 173 free trade, 29, 162 Freedman, Lawrence, 263, 269, 271, 272 Frey, John, 148 function and purpose language used to convey, 198–199 phrases commonly used to convey function or purpose, 198 G20, 42 Gaelic Athletic Association, 21 Gajdusek, D Carleton, 296 “The Game of Go” (sociology reading), games chess, competitive business behavior and, “The Game of Go” (sociology reading), Go (game), nationalism and, 21 Olympic Games, 9, 14–15, 21 strategy and, Gandhi, Mahatma, 138–139, 190 Britain and, 138 caste system and, 142 civil disobedience, 138 civil rights movements and, 139 “Gandhi’s Salt Strategy” (sociology reading), 138–139 “Gandhi’s Influence” (sociology reading), 141–142 India and, 138–139, 141–142 Khadi campaign, 138–139 Martin Luther King Jr and, 141 Muslims vs Hindus, 142 Salt March, 138–139, 141 South Africa and, 138 Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” and, 154 Time Magazine’s Man of the Year, 139 “Gandhi’s Salt Strategy” (sociology reading), 138–139 “Gandhi’s Influence”, 141–142 Garden of Epicurus, 309 The Gardener’s Year (Capek), 309 340 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 340 19/08/16 9:50 pm Garvey, Marcus M., 141, 146 Genentech, 301 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 42 General Motors (GM), 32, 266–267 genes, 298 Germany, air-conditioning in, 239 Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), 307 gift economies, 34–35 gift exchanges, as an economic system, 32, 34–35 “Gift Exchanges as an Economic System” (economics reading), 34–35 excerpt, 32 global economy, 26–28 comparative advantage theory and, 26–28 “Comparative Advantage Theory in a Global Economy” (economics reading), 28 success and failure in, 28 “Success and Failure in the Global Economy” (economics reading), 28 Global Emissions from Fossil Fuels 1900-2010, 118 Global Market for DNA Vaccines (graph), 73 Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 63, 65 Go (game), goods, efficient allocation of across consumers, 285 goods, efficient allocation of across producers, 285 grammar, 47 first-person, using in academic writing, 192 nominalization and, 96 second-person, using in academic writing, 192 graphic organizer, 60, 61 compare/contrast, 61 spatial description, 61 temporal description, 61 graphs, 104 gravitational lensing, 193 Great Depression, 27, 42 Greece, ancient depictions of the underworld, 210 funeral beliefs, 217–218 games and war in, 15 map, 13 “Greek and Roman Funeral Beliefs” (humanities reading), 217–218 Gretzky, Wayne, Gross, Ludwik, 201 Gutenberg, 160 Han Dynasty, 101, 239 Harry Potter (J K Rowling), 231 headings, 28 heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, air quality and, 257–258 hedging, 227–229, 320 Hellenistic period, 80 “Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience” (sociology reading), 154–155 hepatitus B vaccine, 202 The Hero with a Thousand Faces (Campbell), 231 hero’s journey, 231–232 “The Hero’s Journey” (humanities reading), 231–232 HERS2, 185 “History of Air Quality in the US” (environmental engineering reading), 121–123 excerpt, 119 Hitler, Adolf, 271 HIV, 72, 201, 296, 305 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 201–202 Homer, 212 “How Realistic Were Homeric Descriptions?” (humanities reading), 213–214 Iliad, 213–214, 219 Odyssey, 213, 219, 231 Homeric descriptions, 213 Hoover, Herbert, 27 Horace, 224 House (Kidder), 85 “How Realistic Were Homeric Descriptions?” (humanities reading), 213–214 Howard University, 142 Huan Ding, 239 human BSE, 302 human genome, 297 human papilloma virus (HPV), 201–202 vaccines and, 201–202 human respiratory system, 107 humanities readings “Aristotle and Alexander the Great”, 80–81 “Confucius’s Influence”, 100–101 “The Cultivation of Higher Learning”, 309–316 “Depictions of the Underworld”, 210 “Factual Digressions in Literature”, 85 “Greek and Roman Funeral Beliefs”, 217–218 “The Hero’s Journey”, 231–232 “How Realistic Were Homeric Descriptions?”, 213–214 “The Norse Underworld”, 221–222 “Plato’s Academy”, 86, 310 “Socratic Dialogue”, 91–93 “Views on Discoveries of Ancient Greek Sculptures”, 212–213 “Virgil as the Guide of Dante”, 223 “What Does Education Mean?”, 78 Huntington’s disease, 196 Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, 176 hybrid-electric vehicle, 111 hybrid statement, 220 “I Have a Dream” speech (King), 93 idea groups, working with, 168 identity, memories and, 5–6 i.e., 267 Iliad (Homer), 81, 213 illustration by anecdote, 90 illustrations, 105 341 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 341 19/08/16 9:50 pm “The Impact of Energy-Saving Devices on Indoor Air Quality” (environmental engineering reading), 257–258 implications, 159, 161 deliberative, 164–165 direct statements and, 164–165 inference and, 158–179 understanding, 159–160 income inequality, 169 accounting and, 169 in the US, 169 India accounting in, 160 air pollution in, 110 Buddha in, 100 Mahatma Gandhi and, 138 Mumbai, 110 use of air conditioning in, 239 “Indoor Air Pollutants and Health” (environmental engineering reading), 245–246 “Indoor Air Pollutants—VOCs” (environmental engineering reading), 237–238 inferences, 159 implication and, 158–179 strong vs weak, 161 understanding, 159–160 weak, 161 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 270 internal combustion engines, 110 air quality and, 109–111 “Internal Combustion Engines and Air Quality” (environmental engineering reading), 109–111 Internal Revenue Service, 170 International Monetary Fund, 239 International Olympic Committee, 114 internet, communication on, 189 Irish Republican Brotherhood, 21 Iron Age, 214 irrelevant quotation, 188 Isaiah (prophet), 100 italics, using, 270 James, William, 21 Japan, accounting in, 160 Jefferson, Thomas, 11 Jim Crow laws, voting and, 12 job-hunting, comparative advantage theory and, 36–37 Johnson, Mordecai Wyatt, 142 Jones, Gordon, 93 The Journal of Cancer Research, 182 Jung, Carl, 231 Kennedy, John F., 93 Khadi campaign, 138–139 Khan, Bilal, 189 Kidder, Tracy, 85 King, Martin Luther Jr., 135, 144–147 Gandhi and, 141–142 “I Have a Dream” speech, 93 Nobel Peace Prize (1964), 146 Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” and, 154 King, William E., 142 Kolkata, India, air pollution in, 110 Kong Fuzi see Confucius Ku Klux Klan, 12, 135, 137 labels, 113 language skills, 16–19, 23, 44, 102–103, 135, 157 analyzing meaning using word parts, 38–39, 292 clarifiers, 254–255, 333 collocations, 66, 74–75, 305–306 equivalent and near-equivalent expressions, 173 equivalent expression, 178 expressions of function and purpose, 198–199, 203, 306 Greek and Latin origins, 38 hedging, 227–228, 320 multiword items, 132, 332 multiword vocabulary items, 125–126 nominalization, 95–96, 318 signpost expressions, 149, 276 using dictionaries to strengthen vocabulary, 16–18, 274 Laozi, 100 lead airborne: micrograms for cubic meter of air, 122 children and, 127 levels of lead (ppb) in blood, 115 learning styles, 63 legend, 113 Lehman Brothers, 32 leukemia, virus and heredity, 201 “Levels of Lead (ppb) in Blood” (biology reading), 127 excerpts, 157 leverage, 268 lines, 113 literature review, 247 “Live Attenuated Vaccines and Inactivated Vaccines” (biology reading), 53 Liverpool Football Club, 21 logical faults, 187 ad hominem argument, 187 conspiracy theory, 187 exaggeration, 188 false certainty, 188 false dilemma, 188 irrelevant quotation, 188 reasoning by anecdote, 188 reasoning by question, 188 The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 231–232 Lou Gerhig’s disease, 303 lungs, human, 107 mad cow disease, 302 see also bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) “Cows, Cannibals, and Crystals—Explaining the Mechanism of Prion Disease”, 295–303 342 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 342 19/08/16 9:50 pm “Mad Cow Disease” (biology reading), 189–190 “Mad Cow Disease” (biology reading), 189–190 main ideas, 28 identifying, 28 recognizing, 22–45 sentence functions, identifying, 26–27 supporting details, 22–45 topics and, 28 “The Many Definitions of Income” (economics reading), 169–170 maps, 105 market, 279 market equilibrium, 282, 282, 284 “Markets, Prices, and Price Controls”, 278–288 abstract, 279 Mathematical Platonism, 87 The Matrix, 231 Mauss, Marcel, 34 measles, 56–58 de Medici, Cosimo, 309 Melville, Herman, 85 memories age differences and, 5–6 brain imaging and, emotions and, 5–6 self-defining, 5–6 specificity of, “Memories that Define the Self” (sociology reading), 5–6 excerpt, Mencius, 100 Mendeleev, Dimitry, 243 Mercy Corps, 22 metaphor collocations and, 68–69 extended, 192–193, 195–196 Mexican-American War, 154 Million Man March (1995), 144–145 mission, 265 Mission: To Make Highest Possible Return on Investment, 266 “The MMR Vaccine and Anti-Vaxxers” (biology reading), 56–58 Moby Dick (Melville), 85 molds black mold, 244 “Classes of Molds That Grow Indoors”, 244 hazard classes of, 244 Morrison, Toni, 93 motive, 216 multiple perspectives, 211 multiword engineering vocabulary, 117 multiword items, recognizing, 125 multiword units, 16 for referencing visuals (chart), 126 related to visuals, 126 multiword vocabulary items, 125 Murad IV (Ottoman Sultan), 165 NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 142, 145, 147 nanofibers air filtration and, 129–131 electrospinning process, 129 multilayer filter, 129 “Nanofibers Revolutionize Air Filtration” (environmental engineering reading), 129–131 Nation of Islam, 144, 145 nationalism “Nationalism and Sports” (sociology reading), “Patriotic Purchasing” (economics reading), 29–30 sports and, “Nationalism and Sports” (sociology reading), near-equivalent expressions, 173–174 net-zero energy building, 258 New York City, rent controls in, 287 Newman, John Henry, 224 Newton, Huey, 147–148, 152 Newton, Isaac, 11, 220 Nigeria, polio and, 64 Nissan, Nobel Prize, 298 nominalization, 95–96, 318 nonlinear cohesion, 56 Norse beliefs about the underworld, 221–222 mythology, 221 “The Norse Underworld” (humanities reading), 221–222 North Korea, note-taking annotating and, 11–12 style, 11 taking separate notes, 11 noticing activity, 3–10, 107, 210 basic elements of a paragraph, 25 building fluency, 77 choose the best inference, 159–160 definitions, 237–238 hedging language, 234 misleading or faulty rhetoric, 181 presentation of evidence, 181 questions about the topic, relationships among ideas, 47 statements from several sources, 211 Oak Flat, Arizona, 177 Obama, Barack, 93, 149 Olympic Games Beijing 2008, 114, 115 Korea vs Japan soccer match, 21 London, England 2012, 115 Mexico City 1968, 151 “Olympic Effect”, 113 origins of, 14–15 pollution and, 114 protest at 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico city, 148 South Korea, 343 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 343 19/08/16 9:50 pm opinion, statements of, 136 author purpose, 138 bias, 136 connotation, 136 features of, 136 recognizing and interpreting, 136 signal phrases, 137 source, 138 tone, 136 opportunity cost, 266 Orwell, George, 92 outline, 60–61 Ovid, 224 Oxford, 309 pace, 79 Pakistan, polio vaccinations and, 63–64 The Paper Chase (movie), 91 paragraph, 25 basic elements of, 25 beginning connector, 25 end connector, 25 main idea, 25 set-up sentence, 25 support and nonsupport sentences in, 14 supporting details, 25 topic sentence, 25 paraphrase, 168 characteristics of, 168 writing, 168 Park Jongwoo, 21 Parkinson’s disease, 196 particulate matter (PM), 323 national trends in concentrations of 2000–2014, 123 “Patriotic Purchasing” (economics reading), 29–30 Pauling, Linus, 217 Peloponnesian War, 213 penetration factor, 327 “Perceptions of the Civil Rights Movement” (sociology reading), 135 Periodic Table of Elements, 243 Persia, ancient, 239 Persig, Robert, 85 Petrobras, 43 Phaedrus (Plato), 310–311 Philip II, King of Macedonia, 80 photographs, 105 The Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 223 plagiarism, US culture and, 168 Plato, 78, 91, 310, 312 Allegory of the Cave, 87 Phaedrus , 310–311 “Plato’s Academy” (humanities reading), 86–87 Republic, 86–87 theory of forms, 86–87 Platonic Academy, 309 Platonists, 312 Plato’s Academy, 86–87, 91, 309, 310 “Plato’s Academy” (humanities reading), 86–87 Poetic Edda, 221 Poliakoff, Michael B., 15 polio, 63–64 epidemic in United States, 63 eradication efforts, 63, 65 Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 65 Nigeria and, 64 vaccinations in Afghanistan, 63–64 vaccinations in Pakistan, 63–64 “Political Conditions for African Americans” (sociology reading), 149 “Pollutants and the Respiratory System” (environmental engineering reading), 107 polluting substances nonliving, 242 ways of classifying, 241–242 pollution see also air quality athletics and, 114 Chile and, 114 China and, 114 distribution of US 2010 total emission estimates by source category, 131 in Eastern US in 2005 (satellite image), 121 in Eastern US in 2011 (satellite image), 121 Fairbanks, Alaska, 123 global emissions from fossil fuels, 118 health and, 245–246 impact of energy-saving devices on, 257–258 in India, 110 indoor air and, 237–238, 245–246 internal combustion engines and, 109–111 particulate matter, national trends in concentrations of 2000-2014, 123 Phoenix, Arizona, 123 Reno, Nevada, 123 respiratory system and, 108 San Francisco area, 123 sick building syndrome, 248–249 in United States, 110, 119, 121, 123, 131 Visalia, California, 123 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 237–238 wealth of country and, 131 Yakima, Washington, 123 polymerization, 301 Portugal, trade with Britain, 36–37 potlatch, 34 prefix, 38 prereading, 10, 26, 41, 71, 175, 230, 256, 262, 294, 308, 322–334 discussion questions, 278 questions, 20, 200 previewing, 26 price ceiling, 287, 287 price controls, 287 price floor, 287 344 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 344 19/08/16 9:50 pm prion diseases, 195–196 Alzheimer’s disease and, 195–196 cannibalism and, 296 “Cows, Cannibals, and Crystals—Explaining the Mechanism of Prion Disease”, 302–303 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 196 prion diseases distribution and, 295 formation of seed fibril, 299 history of, 295 host species and, 295 human BSE, 302 human growth hormone (hGH) and Iatrogenic transmission, 300 human prion disease, 296 multiple forms, 301 occurrences of BSE (map), 302 pathogenic model, 299 pathology, 300 polymerization, 300 prions and cancers, 298 procedures with documented occurrences of prion transmission, 300 PrP, 298, 300, 302 prions, 295 PRNP gene, 196 problem/solution, 50, 52 language used with, 52 processes, descriptions of, 48 producer surplus, 283, 283 Prohibition, 165 Prose Edda, 221 protectionism, 29–30, 42–43 proximity effect, 330, 332 Prusiner, Stanley, 296 public goods, 176 culturally significant sites and, 177 “Public Goods vs Private Gain” (economics reading), 176–178 Qin Dynasty, 101 quotation, direct, 220 verbs introducing, 226 quotation, indirect, 220 verbs introducing, 226 quotation, inset, 220 race relations see also civil rights; King, Martin Luther Jr in Jim Crow South, 135 in United States, 12, 135 reading skills, fundamental active reading, 3–10 cohesion, 46–75 fluency 76–103 visuals, 104–132 main ideas and supporting details, 22–45 reading speed, 79 reading-writing connection annotating and taking notes, 11–15 critiques, 143–145 direct and indirect quotation, 219, 220–226 extended metaphor, 192–193 outlines and graphic organizers, 60 paraphrasing, 168 recognizing and using rhetorical techniques, 89–90 references to other sources, 247–248 referring to visual data, 117 summarizing, 34 reasoning by anecdote, 188 reasoning by question, 188 Reconstruction Era, 145 references to other sources, 250–251 date of study, 247 et al., 247 generalization about the topic, 247 names of researchers, 247 parentheses and, 247 plagiarism, US culture and, 168 publication information, 252 techniques for using, 247 understanding and producing, 247–248 when no author is given, 252 refrigerants, 239 relationship words, 48 rent controls, 287 rental costs, average in US cities, 291 Republic (Plato), 86–87 research, 16 research paper literature review, 247 structure of, 247 research project (biology) choose a presentation style, 307 choose topic, 307 conduct research and formulate a thesis, 307 prion diseases, 307 research project (economics) choose presentation style and present, 293 choose topic, 293 conduct research, 293 research project (environmental engineering), 334 choose topic, 334 conduct research and formulate a thesis, 334 presentation, 334 research project (humanities) presentation, 321 research, 321 select topic for, 321 research project (sociology) choose presentation style, 277 choose topic, 277 formulate thesis and gather support, 277 345 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 345 19/08/16 9:50 pm rhetoric, 89, 91–92 politics and, 93 rhetorical question, 90 rhetorical techniques, 89 acknowledgement of opposition, 89 allusion, 89 appeal to authority, 89–90 illustration by anecdote, 90 recognizing and using, 89–90 rhetorical question, 90 understatement, 90 Ricardo, David, 25, 36–37 Roman Empire see ancient Rome Rome, ancient, 239 depictions of the underworld, 210 funeral beliefs, 217–218 games and war in, 15 map, 13 root, 38 Rous, Peyton, 201 Rowling, J K., 231 Russia, sanctions and, 42, 43 safety mask, 129 Sainte-Genevieve, 309 salt campaign, 139 San Francisco, 287 sanctions, 42–43 economic, 42–43 Iran and, 42 Korea and, 42 Russia and, 42 South Africa and, 42 scanning, basic techniques, 7–9 for details, 7–10 example, scientific writing, 48 Seale, Bobby, 147, 148 second-person, using in academic writing, 192 segregation, 135 sentence functions, identifying, 26–27 set-up sentence, 26 Shankly, Bill, 21 shortage, 282 sick building syndrome, 245, 248–249 indoor air pollution and, 249 “Sick Building Syndrome” (environmental engineering reading), 248–249 signal phrases, 137, 137 signpost, 149 adding precision, 150 limiting and defining, 149–150 Sigurdsson, Bjorn, 298 sin taxes, 165–166 Singer, Jefferson, 5, skills, applying, 20, 41, 71, 99, 128, 153, 175, 200, 230, 256 skimming, for gist, 4–5 slavery, 154 abolition of, 145 Aristotle and, 81 Smith, Adam, 25 Smith, Tommie, 148, 151 “Smoking, Sin Taxes, and Changing Habits” (economics reading), 165–166 Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 27 SNAP benefits, 170 sociology readings “Athletics in Classical Times”, 13, 14–15 “Competing Approaches to the Civil Rights Struggle”, 145–147 “The Game of Go”, “Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience”, 154–155 “Memories that Define the Self”, 5–6 “Nationalism and Sports”, “Political Conditions for African Americans”, 149 “The Short Heyday of the Black Panthers”, 151–152 “Sports as the Moral Equivalent of War”, 21–22 “Thinking About Strategy”, 263–271 “Voting in the Jim Crow South”, 12 Socrates, 91, 310–311 Confucius and, 100–101 Socratic dialogue, 91 “Socratic Dialogue” (humanities reading), 91–93 Socratic dialogue, 91 “Socratic Dialogue” (humanities reading), 91–93 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system, overview of, 119 The Soul of a New Machine (Kidder), 85 sources citing, 203–204 evaluating credibility of, 215 evaluating motives of, 216 evaluating the credibility and motives of, 209 plagiarism, US culture and, 168 synthesizing information from several, 208–209 understanding multiple perspectives, 209, 211–215 “Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants” (environmental engineering reading), 323–331 South Africa Mahatma Gandhi and, 138 marathoners 1984, 127 marathons, 115 runners and, 114 South Korea Olympic Games, sports and nationalism in, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 145, 151 spatial cohesion, 56 spatio-temporal cohesion, 56 specialization, 279 Sport for Change, 22 346 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 346 19/08/16 9:50 pm sports Combat Sports in the Ancient World: Competition, Violence and Culture (Poliakoff ), 15 as metaphor for culture, as moral equivalent of war, 21–22 nationalism and, 9, 21 physical education curriculum and, prevention of violence and, 21–22 “Sports as the Moral Equivalent of War” (sociology reading), 21–22 strategy and, 263–266 warfare and, 15, 21 “Sports as the Moral Equivalent of War” (sociology reading), 21–22 Stalin, Joseph, 92 Stanford University, Community Garden, 316 Star Wars, 231–232 Stoic philosophy, 91 Stoics, 312 strategy, 263, 265 the art of, 262–277 business and, 269 creative, and lesser capacity, 270–271 frameworks: metaphor of investment, 266 frameworks: metaphor of leverage, 267–268 frameworks: metaphor of war, 269 investment and, 266–267 Mission: To Make Highest Possible Return on Investment, 273 moral inquiry and, 263 sports and, 263–266 vs tactics, 269 “Thinking About Strategy” (sociology reading), 263–271 victory and, 270 subtopics, 28 “Success and Failure in the Global Economy” (economics reading), 28 suffix, 38 summary, 34 Sun Tzu (The Art of War), 271 supply curve, 281 supporting details, 26 identifying, 14 recognizing, 25, 32–33 types of, 14, 32 surplus, 282, 282 synthesizing, 208–209, 211–215 tables, 105 tactics, 269 Tang Dynasty, 239 China, 239 tariffs “The Effects of Tariffs on Research and Development” (economics reading), 161–162 effects on research and development, 161–162 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 42 Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 27 taxes changing habits and, 165–166 Henry David Thoreau’s refusal to pay, 154 sin taxes, 165–166 smoking and, 165–166 “Smoking, Sin Taxes, and Changing Habits” (economics reading), 165–166 temporal cohesion, 56 Theroux, Paul, 85 “Thinking About Strategy” (sociology reading), 263–271 Thompson, Hunter S., 85 Thoreau, Henry David, 154–155 “Civil Disobedience” (essay), 154 refusal to pay taxes, 154 time in jail, 155 timeline of life events, 156 Walden, 154 Thucydides, 213 Thurman, Howard, 142 Time Magazine, 139 title, 113 TOEFL, 95 Tolkien, J R R., 231–232 tone, 136 enumerative, 140 informative, 140 topic sentence, 26 topic words, 48 topics identifying, 28 main ideas and, 28 trade, 279 see also world trade General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 42 “Patriotic Purchasing” (economics reading), 29–30 supply and demand in the marketplace, 278–293 “World Trade Problems and their Resolutions”, 42–44 “Tragedy of the Commons”, 177 transactions, 38 Transcendentalist Movement, 154 transition words and phrases, 47 transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), 195 Trojan War, 217–218 “The Truth About Cancer Rates” (biology reading), 181–182 UCLA (University of California Los Angeles), 148 understatement, 90 underworld ancient Greece’s depictions of, 210 Christian depictions of, 210 “Depictions of the Underworld” (humanities reading), 210 medieval Europe’s depictions of, 210 Norse beliefs about the underworld, 221–222 “The Norse Underworld” (humanities reading), 221–222 347 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 347 19/08/16 9:50 pm United States, 43 13th amendment to constitution, 145 abolition of slavery, 145 accounting in, 160 air pollution in, 110, 119, 121, 131 average rental costs in US cities, 291 cancer and, 201–202, 203 civil rights movements and, 135, 140–141, 145–147 college campuses in, 318 economy, 26–27 energy consumption by energy source, 2004–2014, 259 government bailout plan, 32 income inequality, 169 Jim Crow laws, 12 mad cow disease and, 189 polio epidemic in, 63 political conditions for African Americans, 135, 149 race and prison population, 147 race relations in, 135 trade with Japan, 43 use of air conditioning in, 239 voting, 12 University of California at San Francisco, 301 US Army War College, 269 US Census Bureau, 170 US Centers for Disease Control and Preventions, 114 US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 245 U.S Energy Consumption by Energy Source 2004–2014, 259 US Environmental Protection Agency, 245 US Temperance Movement, 165 US Treasury Department, 170, 173 US War on Drugs, 165 usage notes, 226 “Vaccinating Against Cancer” (biology reading), 201–202 vaccines, 53 anti-vaxxers, 56–58, 56–58 conspiracy theories and, 64 DNA vaccines, 72–73 “DNA Vaccines” (biology reading), 72–73 hepatitis B, 202 human papilloma virus (HPV), 201–202 inactivated, 53 live attenuated, 53 “Live Attenuated Vaccines and Inactivated Vaccines” (biology reading), 53 misleading articles about, 58 MMR vaccine, 56–58 “The MMR Vaccine and Anti-Vaxxers” (biology reading), 56–58 neurological disorders and, 58 parents declining, 58 polio, 63–64, 63–64 “Vaccinating Against Cancer” (biology reading), 201–202 vaccines, cancer, 201–202 historical roots, 201–202 a note of caution, 202 recent advances, 202 Valhalla, 221 Valkyries, 221 Venezuela, 287–288 Venn diagram, 61 Vermont, laws about unvaccinated children, 58 “Views on Discoveries of Ancient Greek Sculptures” (humanities reading), 212–213 Virgil Aeneid, 210, 224 as fictional character in Dante’s Divine Comedy, 223–224 “Virgil as the Guide of Dante” (humanities reading), 223 viruses cancer and, 201–202 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 202 human papilloma virus (HPV), 201–202 leukemia, virus and heredity, 201 oncogenic, 201–202 Rous Sarcoma Virus, 201 visual, example of caption (Including source note), 113 explanation of interpreting visuals, 113 information not expressed in words or numbers, 113 labels, 113 legend, 113 lines, 113 title, 113 visual organizer information, 60 outlines, 60–61 selecting a style of, 60 visual thinking, 23, 44, 102, 131, 156, 178, 203, 273, 304–305, 318 archetypes chart, 233 brainstorming for a strategic plan, 274 graph of indoor/outdoor pollution ratio, 332 graphs, 73, 259, 291 maps, 305 visuals, 104–132 common phrases used to reference, 109, 109 example visual, explanation of, 113 expressions for referring to or interpreting, 117 information in visuals, 112–114 interpreting, 104–132 techniques for, 112 text references to, 109 vocabulary analyzing meaning using word parts, 292 English words derived from religious beliefs of 348 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 348 19/08/16 9:50 pm ancient cultures, 219 equivalent and near-equivalent expressions, 293 flashcards and, 14 multiword engineering vocabulary, 117 multiword vocabulary items, 125 using dictionaries to strengthen, 16–18 VOCs see volatile organic compounds (VOCs) volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 237–238, 248–249, 323 sick building syndrome, 248–249 Voltaire, 316 von Clausewitz, Carl, 269 voting Jim Crow laws, voting and, 12 in Jim Crow South, 12 United States, 12 “Voting in the Jim Crow South” (sociology reading), 12 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 135, 149 “Voting in the Jim Crow South” (sociology reading), 12 excerpt, 12 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 135, 149 willingness to sell, 282 word family, 38 World Health Organization (WHO), 63–64, 129 1984 report by Geister et al., 248–249 pollution and, 115 world trade problem solving and, 42 protectionism, 42–43 resolution of problems, 42–44 sanctions and protectionism in context, 42–43 “World Trade Problems and their Resolutions” see also world trade World Trade Organization (WTO), 42–43 ranking of top ten members involved in complaints 1995-2013, 43 “World Trade Problems and their Resolutions” (economics reading), 42–44 problem-solving, 42–43 WPM (words per minute), 79 Walden (Thoreau), 154 Wallace, George, 135 war, sports and, 21–22 “What Does Education Mean?” (humanities reading), 78 willingness to pay (WTP), 281 Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (Pirsig), 85 Zeno of Citium, 91–92 Zhou Dynasty, 100 Zuozhuan, 100 zur Hausen, Harald, 202 X, Malcolm, 145–146 Xenophon, 91 349 Z02_USR_4_00785_Index.indd 349 19/08/16 9:50 pm