Introduce the pharmacology your paper should clearly present the following information

ĐẠI HỌC Y DƯỢC Y DƯỢC TP HỒ CHÍ MINH KHOA KHOA HỌC CƠ BẢN BỘ MÔN NGOẠI NGỮ BÀI TIỂU LUẬN Học phần: … Họ tên sinh viên thực hiện: Lê Khôi Nguyên Mã số sinh viên: 511206325 Ngày tháng năm sinh: 11/12/2002 Khối: DCQ2020 Tổ: 15 Điện thoại liên hệ: 0383381746 Năm học: 2020 – 2021 Điểm (bằng số) Điểm (bằng chữ) Giảng viên chấm (Họ tên & chữ ký) Giảng viên chấm (Họ tên & chữ ký) KẾT QUẢ BÀI TIỂU LUẬN Tiêu chí đánh giá Category Organizatio n (10 points) Content (30 points) Language Use (60 points) Score Scoring Criteria Total Point s The layout is appropriate for the topic and audience Information is presented in a logical sequence Introduction is attention-getting, lays out the problem well, and establishes a framework for the rest of the presentation Technical terms are well-defined in language appropriate for the target audience Information is presented accurately Material included is relevant to the overall message Visual aids are well prepared, informative, effective, and not distracting The writer completes the task with about 1,000 words The writer can exhibit a logical and coherent sequence throughout and smooth transitions between ideas 15 The writer can use a wide variety of vocabulary that expands the topic 15 The writer can use a wide range of structure with full flexibility and accuracy with rare minor errors 15 The writer can fully address all parts of the task with relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas 15 Total Points 100 Scor e TOPIC Introduce the pharmacology Your paper should clearly present the following information: • • • • differences between pharmacology and pharmacy subdisciplines of pharmacology pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics Your paper should contain about 1,000 words and images with captions The health sector plays an important role in public health care, disease treatment, ensuring healthy life for people to study and work as well as ensuring people’s life quality Therefore, it can be affirmed that the health sector plays a great role in socioeconomic development In the array of health, pharmacology is a key factor in helping research institutions to produce new drugs with higher specificity, constantly improving treatment efficiency • differences between pharmacology and pharmacy Image 1: differences between pharmacology and pharmacy Source: https://worldscholarshipforum.com/pharmacology-vs-pharmacy/ Pharmacy is an area of primary focus on patient care by providing drug-related information to patients and other healthcare professionals They are drug experts involved in drug design and development, distribution and safe use to protect the public about drugs On the other hand, pharmacology is the study of changes, reactions or reactions to a chemical substance in a living organism It is more related to drugs and other chemicals, such as the interaction of toxins in organisms Pharmacology is the more specific division concerned with the action and use of drugs • Subdisciplines of pharmacology Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the two main areas of pharmacology Pharmacodynamics focuses on the effect of a drug on the biology of the body Pharmacokinetics is more focused on how the body affects the drug, in terms of absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination Pharmacodynamics is based on the study of how medicinal substances affect receptors in the body and how these effects can be beneficial for certain purposes Pharmacokinetics studies how the body reacts when a drug is introduced into the body's system This is broken down into four main themes: drug absorption, distribution around the body, metabolism to other substances, and excretion from the body (ADME for short) • pharmacodynamics Image: Determination of pharmacodynamics Source: https://www.adamondemand.com/AODHome/AODProductDetails/Understanding FoundationalPharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is the study of the effects of a drug on the human and animal body or on the microorganisms or parasites contained in it This discipline analyzes drug interactions with living organisms at different levels: molecule, cell, tissue, organ, and the whole organism That is, observing the response of both cells and organs to understand the entire response Thanks to these tests, pharmacodynamics allows us to know how long the drug will take effect, which part of the body it works or if there are any side effects This includes several key elements as follows: Selectivity of action in pharmacodynamics Selectivity is the ability of each drug to "choose" where it should work in an organism Each drug has a greater or lesser degree of selectivity and this is also analyzed pharmacodynamically Some drugs are applied directly where their action is required Eye drops or skin ointments are examples of this However, most drugs enter the body by injection or by mouth In these cases, the drug enters the system and "chooses" which organs to act on In these cases, three different degrees of selectivity can be observed There are drugs that are practically nonselective because their effects are directed simultaneously to several organs or tissues Atropine, for example, is intended to relax the muscles of the digestive system but can also induce relaxation of the muscles of the respiratory system Other drugs are relatively selective because their effects are directed at any affected area For example, Ibuprofen acts on any part of the body that is inflamed Finally, there are other very selective drugs that only work on a specific organ This is the case with digoxin, which is used for heart failure and only works on the heart Selectivity, rather than the ability to "select", refers to the compatibility of chemical compounds with the biological structure of the organism Interactions with receptors and enzymes The effect of drugs depends on their interaction with certain elements of the organism It must be remembered that each drug has specific forms of interaction with receptors and enzymes and this depends on its function Receiver The receptors can be defined as the gateway to the cells They are molecules on their surface and allow only those substances that are necessary for their normal functioning These are usually substances that the body produces naturally, such as hormones or neurotransmitters These substances are only compatible with the • receptors of those cells that need them to perform their basic functions Pharmacokinetics Image: The principles of ADME Source: https://toolbox.eupati.eu/glossary/pharmacokinetics/ Depending on the nature of the drug and the goal of treatment, people can introduce drugs into the body in different ways But either way, the drug enters the bloodstream at different speeds to get to where it is needed The fate of drugs in the body depends on four processes (Pharmacokinetics): absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion These four processes can occur simultaneously or sequentially There are many factors that affect the fate of a drug in the body such as the nature of the drug, dosage form, route of administration, factors in the patient's body Absorption: Absorption is the entry of a drug into the body’s general circulatory system To select the appropriate drug delivery route, it is necessary to base on the treatment purpose , the nature of the drug, the dosage form, the patient's medical condition, etc The way the drug is introduced into the body greatly affects the absorption and effects of the drug There are many ways to get drug into the body, which are gastrointestinal, gastrointestinal, parenteral, inhalation, and transdermal Distribution: Once absorbed, the drug enters the bloodstream to be transported to the sites of action In the blood, drugs can exist in two forms:  Free form  Conjugated form of plasma proteins Some drugs may be partially broken down in the bloodstream Metabolism: 10 Metabolism is the process by which a drug is changed in the body by the action of enzymes Through metabolism, most drugs are usually reduced or losttheir effectiveness and toxicity is reduced or eliminated So metabolism is the process by which the body detoxifies the drug Some drugs have metabolites that retain the same pharmacological effects as the parent drug, but the extent may vary slightly Some drugs work only after being metabolized The liver is the most important organ in drug metabolism In addition, drug metabolism can also occur in other organs such as kidneys, lungs, blood Excretion of drugs: Excretion of a drug is the process of reducing drug concentration in the body The drug is eliminated from the body mainly by the kidneys, but can also be eliminated by other routes such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, through skin, sweat, breast milk or tears Some drugs can be eliminated simultaneously by different routes, but usually each drug has a major route of elimination depending on its chemical nature and structure, dosage form and route of administration Role of pharmacokinetic parameters 11 Basis to decide on the treatment drug for the patient, necessary dose of each drug, interval between the drug administration or the dose adjustment in case of physiological and pathological abnormalities Good suggestion in dosage form selection and formulation improvement to create drug formulations with desired pharmacokinetic parameters 12 References Introduction to Pharmacokinetics (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.ashp.org/-/media/store%20files/p2418-sample-chapter-1.pdf Katzung, B G (n.d.) Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Fourteenth Edition a LANGE medical Shargel L., Yu AB (n.d.) Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics 13 Ulka Vaishampayan M.D, Ralph E Parchment Ph.D, Bhaskara RJasti Ph.D, Maha Hussain M.D (n.d.) Taxanes: an overview of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 14 ... 100 Scor e TOPIC Introduce the pharmacology Your paper should clearly present the following information: • • • • differences between pharmacology and pharmacy subdisciplines of pharmacology pharmacodynamics... select the appropriate drug delivery route, it is necessary to base on the treatment purpose , the nature of the drug, the dosage form, the patient's medical condition, etc The way the drug is introduced... https://toolbox.eupati.eu/glossary/pharmacokinetics/ Depending on the nature of the drug and the goal of treatment, people can introduce drugs into the body in different ways But either way, the drug enters the bloodstream at different