Climate change and renewable energy pote

    Renewable Energy Potential  in Texas     SOCIO-ECONOMICS GROUP HARTE RESEARCH INSTITUTE THE GULF OF MEXICO STUDIES   June 2010  Renewable Energy Potential in Texas By: Carlota Santos, MBA David Yoskowitz, PhD With assistance provided by: Emily Williamson Report funded partially with a grant by The Energy Foundation Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies Texas A&M University- Corpus Christi 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412 Suggested Citation: Santos, C and D.W.Yoskowitz, 2010 Renewable Energy Potential in Texas, Harte Research Institute June 69 pages Table of Contents  Executive Summary   1  I. Introduction   3  II. Traditional Energy Use and Trends    3  i Worldwide    3  ii U.S.    8  iii Texas  . 11  III. Renewable Energy Use and Trends   13  i Worldwide   13  ii U.S.   . 18  iii Texas  . 29  IV. Renewable Energy Opportunities‐ The Future  . 51  i Areas for Improvement 51  V  Economic Impact 54  VI Conclusion 60 References 63 Page left intentionally blank Executive Summary Energy is king in Texas In 2006 the oil and gas industry alone accounted for 14.9% of the Gross State Product The State produces more energy than any other state, 11.3 trillion Btu (2007) and consumes more than any other state per year, 11.8 trillion Btu (2007) A result of that dominance is that the State is also the largest emitter of CO2 from electric power production, 252 million metric tons in 2008 At the same time that Texas leads the country in traditional energy production and consumption, there is also tremendous opportunity in development of renewable energy The expansiveness of the State drives the opportunity in the renewable energy sector A recent study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ranks Texas number one with regards to wind energy potential generation at 6.5 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) The state also has 250 “quads” of solar energy accessible every year, more than enough to meet the demands of every citizen in the State Renewable energy sources are not just limited to the wind and solar Texas also has great potential in other sources as well such as geothermal, biomass, and biofuels from algae and other sources Texas already has a strong presence in renewable energy: • 72% of total biomass energy was used by the industrial sector, compared to the national average of 55% (Combs, 2008a) • By the end of 2009, Texas had installed 9,410 MW of wind energy capacity, leading the country • Wind-related manufacturing is growing in Texas Companies based in Texas now produce different parts for wind turbines, like blades, towers, and nacelles However, it is the potential of the renewable energy industry in Texas, from manufacturing to production, which can have a significant impact: • Biomass and Bio-energy o Algae production for use in bio-fuel is extremely promising Algae require three ingredients to grow: carbon dioxide, high solar radiation, and brackish water or water high in salt concentration In Texas, the best areas for algae production are West Texas and the Gulf Coast A perfect situation would be to match petrochemical facilities and power plants in the Gulf of Mexico and algae production, so CO2 could be captured to produce biofuels/bioproducts (Combs, 2008a) • Geothermal o In five to ten years, Texas could have 2,000 to 10,000 MW of geothermal energy capacity provided through oil and gas wells In April 2009, the Land Office awarded three geothermal energy leases off the Texas coast to Geo Texas Co., which will be generating geothermal energy on 128,758 acres of state underwater land off the coasts of Brazoria, Galveston, and Matagorda counties • Solar • o One study estimates that Texas could capture around 13% of all new jobs and investments concerned with solar PV technologies by 2015 (Combs, 2008b, 2008c) o West Texas has enough resources to produce up to 351 million MWh of electricity and 75% more direct solar radiation than East Texas Wind o 17,000 MW of installed capacity could generate 1,700 full time jobs o Texas is one of the regions in the country with the lowest cost due to higher performance and lower development and installation costs (Combs, 2008d, 2008c) Lower costs lead to lower prices, which makes this energy source more attractive While all sections of the State are in a position to benefit from some level of renewable energy manufacturing and/or production, South and West Texas are in particularly good position to take advantage of future growth The potential impacts of two similar sized projects of 100 MW, one being wind and the other, a centralized solar power trough plant is: Solar Wind Jobs during construction 2,249 496 Jobs during operation 112 23 Earnings during construction (millions) $145 $19 Annual earnings during operations (millions) $6 $1 If Texas were to double the amount of installed capacity generated from wind it could potentially create 466,736 jobs during the construction phases, 2,164 permanent jobs during the operation phase, $1.7 billion in earnings during the construction phase, and $94 million annually during operations The impact from solar facilities is even greater There are still a few issues that will impact the future of the renewable energy industry in Texas The economics of construction and operations is still challenging Development of renewable energy sources has, over time, been supported by various incentives and standards at the federal and State level The major incentive for construction and production of renewable energy is the federal production tax credit (PTC) set in 1992 at $0.015/kWh Since then, it has been renewed and expanded several times, most recently in 2009, and is currently set at $0.02/kWh The Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is also a major engine for the development of renewable energy Additionally, transmission lines from rural parts of the State where the energy is produced to where it is consumed are critical Jobs during the construction phase and operation phase include direct, indirect, and induced Income during the construction phase and operation phase are in millions of dollars and include direct, indirect, and induced 2 I Introduction The major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions is the burning of fossil fuels (more than 80%), such as natural gas, coal, and oil The U.S and the world rely heavily on this type of nonrenewable energy source leading to a serious and continuous rise of GHG emissions Developing renewable “green” energy sources such as solar, biomass, wind, and geothermal can help reduce GHGs emissions and mitigate climate change Although renewable energy sources still represent a small fraction of the world’s energy supply, the use and efficiency of this energy can increase significantly (World Resources Institute, 2008) Renewables can improve human health with its insignificant or zero GHG emissions and potentially help boost the economy by creating new jobs II Traditional Energy Use and Trends i Worldwide Energy comes from different sources Fossil fuels, like oil, coal, and natural gas are the most common For many years coal was the main source of energy, it was responsible for 70% of all energy produced Today it only supplies 26% of worldwide energy The majority of energy is now supplied by crude oil, while natural gas, although not so significant, is growing and becoming more important globally Studies predict that the remaining amount of reachable fossil fuels will last 170 years at current rate of consumption (Climate Institute, 2008) On the other side of the table are the renewable energies These sources are not finite and can be explored indefinitely In recent decades, this source of energy has been improved and new technologies have been developed to capture the energy of the sun, earth, wind, and oceans (Climate Institute, 2008) Demand for energy continues to rise as a consequence of increasing population around the world and expanding economies Nevertheless, increasing prices and alarms about insecure energy supplies will limit growth in fossil fuel consumption (IPCC, 2007) The primary goal of any energy improvement is to create energy services that improve productivity and people’s quality of life, whether it’s health, comfort, or life expectancy Secure, affordable, equitable, and sustainable energy supply is essential for future prosperity Economic policies focused on sustainable development will bring co-benefits that include the use of new energy technologies and better access to affordable modern energy This will determine if and how many people will achieve a good quality of life in the future (IPCC, 2007) If the current global rate of energy consumption remains the same, energy consumption will double by 2030 and triple by 2060, when compared to 1995 levels (Climate Institute, 2008; Environmental and Energy Study Institute, 2007; IPCC, 2007) This increase in energy demand poses serious risks to the environment and human health The production and consumption of energy already produces more environmental damage than any other human activity It contributes almost 80% of the air pollutants and more than 88% of the greenhouse gas emissions responsible for global warming (Climate Institute, 2008; IPCC, 2007) A solution to reduce GHG emissions would be a transition away from the traditional use of fossil fuels to zero- and low-carbon-emitting modern energy supplies A mix of choices to decrease the amount of energy per unit of GDP and the carbon intensity of energy systems is needed to achieve a sustainable energy future (IPCC, 2007) The figure below illustrates the complexity that exists between primary energy sources and energy carriers Figure 1: Complex interactions between primary energy sources and energy carriers to meet societal needs Source: IPCC, 2007 In recent years, energy consumption and demand has increased worldwide (Figure 2) By 2030, a 65% global increase above 2004 levels is expected Consequently, without mitigation measures, to cut the increasing rates of carbon emissions people will have to start using all possible cost-effective means (IPCC, 2007) Figure 2: Global annual primary energy demand by region, 1971-2003 Source: IPCC, 2007 Note: EECA = countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia In 2004, roughly 40% of the global primary energy was used as fuel to produce 17,408 TWh of electricity (Figure 3) The production of electricity has had an average growth rate of 2.8%/yr since 1995 and is expected to continue growing at a rate of 2.5-3.1%/yr until 2030 In 2005, global energy production was provided 40% by hard coal and lignite fuels, 20% by natural gas, 16% by nuclear, 16% by hydro, 7% by oil, and 2.1% by other renewables Non-hydro renewable plants have increased significantly in the last decade with solar PV installations and wind turbine growing by 30% yearly Yet, they only provide a small portion of electricity production (IPCC, 2007) Figure 3: World’s Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel Type Source: IPCC, 2007 Figure shows the global annual energy consumption per capita by region As illustrated, the consumption of energy per capita in North America is high compared to other regions of the world Terawatt hour (TWh) equals 1012 kWh Figure 4: Global Annual Energy Consumption per capita by Region (toe /capita) Source: IPCC, 2007 Primary Energy Resources Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are still abundant, but release significant amounts of carbon during combustion The current reserves of oil and gas are expected to last for decades and in the case of coal for centuries Potentially unknown resources increase these projections even further In 2004, 80% of the world primary energy demand was supplied by fossil fuels In the absence of policies limiting carbon emissions, the use of fossil fuels is expected to grow even more over the next 2030 years (IPCC, 2007) Eighty five percent of the annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions come from fossil fuels From those fossil fuels, natural gas is the one that produces the lowest level of GHG per unit of energy consumed and is therefore the preferred one among mitigation policies Fossil fuels have enjoyed high economic advantages that maybe other technologies will never overcome Even so, there is a global trend for fossil fuel prices to rise and renewable energy prices to decline due to continuous improvement in productivity and economies of scale (IPCC, 2007) If choosing which fossil fuel conversion method will depend only on the market, all fossil fuel options will continue to be used On the other hand, if GHGs are to be reduced, either fossil energy will have to shift to a zero or low-carbon sources, or new technologies will have to be developed to absorb and store CO2 emissions (IPCC, 2007) Coal and peat Coal is the most plentiful fossil fuel in the world and remains the most important one in several countries (Table 1; (IPCC, 2007; World Coal Institute, 2007) A tonne of oil equivalent (Toe) is the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil (Austin Clean Energy Initiative IC2 Institute, 2002) Renewable energy technologies are more labor-intensive than traditional technologies for the same energy output (Environmental and Energy Study Institute, 2007; IPCC, 2007) As an example, solar PV creates 5.65 person-years of employment, wind-energy industry creates 5.7, and coal energy industry creates only 3.96 person-years of employment per US $1 million investment (over 10 years) (IPCC, 2007) According to a PEW study (2009), in 2007 in the U.S there were 770,000 jobs and 68,200 businesses related to clean energy Texas ranked second, after California, in both areas with 4,802 businesses and 55,646 jobs The researchers found that the growth of this industry is due to the state’s policies on renewable energy (Urahn & Reichert, 2009) According to a Union of Concerned Scientists estimate, a national renewable portfolio standard (RPS) of 20% by 2020 would generate 185,000 new jobs from renewable energy development, increase by $25.6 billion the income of ranchers, farmers, and rural landowners, and save consumers $10.5 billion in lower electricity and natural gas bills (Environmental and Energy Study Institute, 2007) By increasing its renewable-energy use, Texas would see its renewable-companies become globally competitive, it would create wealth, attract out-state firms, expand jobs, and provide reliable energy to millions of Texans (Kellison et al., 2007) Biomass In the biomass industry, it is estimated that for each MW of installed capacity, six full-time jobs are created and nationwide this industry employs 18,000 workers (California Biomass Energy Alliance, 2005) The production of biofuels can also be an important player in the economy If the prices of crude oil remain higher than $100 per barrel, then ethanol production will cost less than petroleum based fuels At the same time, the production of ethanol led to a rise in commodity prices, which slowed the rapid expansion of ethanol production (SECO, 2008d) For every billion gallons of ethanol produced, 10,000 to 20,000 jobs are created The ethanol industry, according to the Renewable Fuels Association, generated 147,000 jobs in several sectors of the economy in 2004 Additionally, an ethanol plant in Texas producing 100 million gallons annually, could add 1,600 new jobs to the economy However, some of these jobs may be created out of state, since feedstocks necessary to produce ethanol are not available in Texas (Combs, 2008a) Biodiesel plays an important role in Texas economy since the state became in 2007 the leader in the production of this fuel Biodiesel is estimated to have created up to 8,636 jobs in Texas and added $392 million to the economy Several of the state’s universities are trying to develop new sources of oils and fats to produce biodiesel Algae is one promising alternative since it can produce 50 times more oil per year to generate biodiesel on a per-acre basis (Biodiesel Coalition of Texas, 2009) With regards to wood biomass, a 1999 study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) claimed that 4.9 full-time jobs are created by every MW of capacity Seeing that Texas has an estimated potential of 4,600 MW, wood generated capacity could create over 22,000 jobs in Texas Mesquite Fuels & Agriculture was planning a wood-fired plant in Hamlin and anticipated that employees would be paid around $10 to $14 per hour (Combs, 2008a) However, lack of adequate water supply has put the power plant construction on hold (Emison, 2009) The economic impacts of feedlot biomass in Texas are not yet estimated since this practice is not fully commercialized A plant close to Hereford, Texas was using 1,400 tons per day of 55 manure as a fuel to produce 61 permanent jobs and between 500 to 600 construction jobs (Combs, 2008a) However, this plant was recently acquired by Ethanol Acquisition LLC and put into “mothball” status (Christiansen, 2009) Wind The wind energy industry can provide significant economic benefits to landowners and local communities Landowners who lease their land to put wind turbines on it receive bonuses and installation payments, royalties, and operating fees or monthly payments Landowners who let transmission lines pass across their properties receive a one-time payment, based on the land’s market value, and additional compensation for any damage on their property value These additional compensations exist because some argue transmission lines decrease the market value of a property (Combs, 2008d) A study found an average discount on property value ranging from 1% to 10% from power lines proximity (Colwell & Foley, 1979) The decrease in value is usually due to potential health hazardous, safety concerns, visual unattractiveness, and troubling sounds (Delaney & Timmons, 1992) However, a more recent study by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory showed that neither proximity to wind facilities nor views of wind farms have a significant impact of property values (Hoen et al., 2009) A wind farm with a 100 MW capacity would need 6,000 acres, which can involve 10 to 30 landowners The return on land is around $4,000 per acre per year, a much higher return than if the land were used for farming or ranching During 2008, the 4,500 MW of wind power installed generated nearly $18,000,000 for landowners (SECO, 2009) At the end of 2009 the wind power generated increased to 9,410 MW, so revenues for landowners are estimated to have increased to $37.6 million A study by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) found that farmers could increase their return-on-land by 30 to 100% by leasing a part of it for wind turbines while still farming (Nogee et al., 1999) Several seminars have been presented across the State for landowners on the benefits of leasing their lands for wind farms (SECO, 2009) More information is given to landowners on the website www.windenergy.org Besides creating jobs, wind plant construction, operations, and maintenance boost local businesses and communities The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) projects that six to ten maintenance and operations jobs are created for every 100 MW of installed wind capacity (Combs, 2008c) 100 MW also generate around 100 to 200 short-term construction jobs during to months (Combs, 2008c; SECO, 2009) An estimated 4,000 MW of wind power installed in 2008 generated around $16 million in payroll and the installation of an additional 20,000MW of wind power by 2015 would then generate 2,000 or more full time jobs (SECO, 2009) A case study in Nolan County, Texas, home for over 2,500 MW of operational wind power, found that the economic impact of wind energy was estimated at $315 million in 2008 and $397 million for 2009 Landowners royalties on 2,500 MW is calculated at $12,264,000 annually and expected to increase to more than $17 million by the end of 2009 (West Texas Wind Energy Consortium, 2009; SECO, 2009) In the U.S., wind supplies more jobs per dollar invested than any other energy technology and five times more than coal or nuclear power (Climate Institute, 2008) As of 2009, around 85,000 people were employed in the wind industry in the U.S., versus the 50,000 in 2008 This has expanded the number of jobs in manufacturing since the share of 56 domestically produced wind turbine components has increased from less than 30% in 2005 to around 50% in 2008 Seventy new construction facilities were added or expanded, included 55 in 2008 alone (AWEA, 2008) With the continuous increase in jobs generated, the wind energy surpassed the coal industry in the number of people it employed (AWEA, 2009a) Although the wind industry is growing, uncertainty remains about the future The economic stimulus plan that set billions of dollars aside for alternative energy and President Obama’s position in developing renewable energy sources seems promising The U.S Department of Energy claimed that by 2030 wind energy could supply 20% of the country’s electricity This new step would generate 250,000 new jobs (Dynowatt, 2009) According to a study by VERA, a wind energy consulting firm, 1,000 MW of wind development would generate local taxes totaling around $150 million ($13 million in the first year), preserve about 50 billion gallons of water, and lead to a cleaner air by reducing NOx by about 4,000 tons annually (12 tpd) It would also create jobs and economic benefits from $1 billion worth of investment (Marshall, 2004) In 2002, Texas wind energy projects paid $11.6 million in school taxes, which corresponds to $10,000 per year per turbine In 2003 wind projects paid $11.5 million (Marshall, 2004) With future leased offshore projects, that amount is expected to increase Over the next 30 years, wind farms are expected to provide the state’s Permanent School Fund a minimum of $448 million (Lombardi, 2009) Additionally, in 2008 the 4,500 MW in Texas reduced CO2 emissions by 40 million metric tons per year The value of CO2 trading in Europe is $30 per metric ton, the same as $20 per MWh Thus, when CO2 becomes a national policy, the projected 20,000 MW by 2015 will generate around $1 billion per year This could counterbalance the loss of the PTC after the initial 10 years and diminish the need for it in the future (Combs, 2008d) Solar Energy Currently, the solar energy industry alone employs more than 80,000 people in the U.S and created over 15,000 jobs in the last two years According to Navigant Consulting, by 2016 the solar energy sector will create 440,000 permanent jobs and stimulate $325 billion in private investment (SEIA, 2009b) In 2007, global solar industry generated $17.2 billion in revenues (Solarbuzz, 2009) Data for solar industry revenues in Texas is not available Yet, the IC2 Institute predicts that the solar energy industry will create more jobs and contribute billions of dollars in investment and salaries to the U.S economy over the next ten years For this to happen, incentives need to be given to support solar industry A study by IC2 assumed that PV capacity would grow from 340 MW in 2004 to 9,600 MW in 2015 and argued that PV manufacturing industry would bring jobs to Texas that have been previously outsourced offshore It predicted that Texas would acquire about 13% of all new U.S solar PV jobs and investment This accounts for approximately 5,567 new jobs (93% in manufacturing and 7% in construction/installation) and $4.5 billion of investment in Texas by 2015 (Combs, 2008b, 2008c) The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) projects that for every MW of solar power, 32 jobs are created, of which are in system design, distribution, and installation The Prometheus Institute predicts that solar energy will generate 22,000 American jobs in manufacturing, distribution and several building trades during the next 10 years (Combs, 2008e; Combs, 2008d) 57 Austin Energy conducted a study on the economic benefits of solar energy in 2006 The results suggest that a 100 MW solar manufacturing plant in the Austin area could generate 300 new jobs and add about $1 billion to the regional economy by 2020 Sales tax and property tax would also increase and benefit both the city of Austin and Travis Country (Combs, 2008e) On April 15, 2008, Texas Governor Rick Perry announced that the state would give HelioVolt, an Austin based solar energy company, $1 million for the construction of a development and manufacturing facility, which would generate 160 jobs and $62 million in capital investment by December 2010 (Calnan, 2010; Combs, 2008c) As of February 2010, the company had begun production of thin film solar cells, but extended the agreement to create 160 jobs to December 2012 arguing that because of the global recession the demand for solar cells had decreased According to the company’s vice-president, Iga Hallberg, the company employs currently around 100 people (Calnan, 2010) According to the IC2 Institute, the solar industry could also generate significant savings for energy consumers in Texas through avoided fuel costs, avoided carbon dioxide emissions, avoided capital costs, avoided distribution costs, and the value of fossil fuel price hedging (Combs, 2008a; Combs, 2008d) Another benefit of using solar energy is that it can reduce price volatility linked to fluctuating natural gas prices (Combs, 2008e) During peak periods and as utilities start to charge higher prices, PV systems which generate the most electricity during the hottest time of the day, can create significant savings on energy costs (Combs, 2008e; Combs, 2008d) Geothermal Energy Based on a survey, Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) estimates that the geothermal energy industry employed 18,000 people in 2008, approximately 5,000 direct jobs in operating, construction, and manufacturing and 13,000 additional supporting jobs (GEA, 2009) According to the U.S Department of Energy, creating geothermal power plants generates 11 times more jobs than creating a comparable natural gas power plant (GEA, 2009) Besides creating stable, long-term jobs, geothermal energy generates almost no air emissions, and its related health impacts, and supplies billions of dollars to local, state, and federal economies through renewable energy production (Kagel, 2006) According to an anticipated project in the Glass Mountain Known Geothermal Resource Area in California, the mean salary at the plant would be more than twice the average salary in nearby counties The average salary for the anticipated project would also be higher than both the county and state averages, totaling between $40,000 and $50,000 in 1998 US$ (or $52,835 and $66,044 in 2008 US$ using the consumer price index) (GEA, 2009; Williamson, 2010) Geothermal projects are usually located in rural areas where there are few job opportunities Geothermal projects can then provide jobs and spur the economy in such rural places The developers of these projects usually generate long-term jobs since they negotiate contracts that last for about 20 to 30 years Geothermal energy can bring diversity to the economy, since rural places tend to focus on one single source of revenue, such as manufacturing or agriculture These projects usually employ people with a variety of backgrounds: welders, pipe filters, mechanics, plumbers, electricians, machinists, carpenters, surveyors, geologists, architects and designers, hydrologists, mechanical, electrical, and structural engineers (GEA, 2009) Geothermal energy is expected to bring additional jobs in the future In 2009, more than 5,000 MW of geothermal projects were under development If a fifth of these projects (1,000 MW) come on line during the next few years, a very conservative estimate, then 6400 person58 year (p * y) manufacturing and construction jobs and 740 power plant operation and maintenance (O&M) jobs will be created If these 1,000 MW last 30 years, then 28,600 p*y jobs are generated by new production Compared to other renewable energy sources, geothermal generates almost times more permanent jobs per 500 MW of capacity than Solar and Wind energy (Table 18) Compared to natural gas, geothermal generates close to 11 times more employees to produce electricity (GEA, 2009) Table 18: Jobs Created by Resource Type Power Source Wind Solar Electric Solar Thermal Geothermal Construction Employments (jobs/MW) 2.6 7.1 5.7 4.0 O&M Employment (jobs/MW) Factor Increase over Natural Gas 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.7 2.3 2.2 2.5 10.9 Source: GEA, 2009 For every dollar spent on geothermal energy, $2.50 is invested back into the U.S economy (GEA, 2009; Meyer, 2008) This increase in output and revenue affects mostly rural areas where there is usually high rate of unemployment and significant number of minority populations (GEA, 2009) A 50 MW Geothermal power plant generates the following impact (in 2006 US$): Table 19: Sample Economic Benefits at 50MW Geothermal Power Plant (2006 US$) Employment (direct, indirect, and induced)  Economic Output (over 30 years, nominal) Contribution to the Federal Royalties Government Contribution to the State Contribution to the County 212 fulltime jobs/800  person‐years (p‐*y)  $749 million $5.46 million $10.9 million $5.46 million Source: Kagel, 2006 A study by GEA, published in the Electricity Journal, found that the emissions savings from using geothermal energy instead of coal, considering carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, and particular matter is $225.4 million annually Additionally, if environmental costs were included, such as potential hazardous air emissions, land degradation, health impacts, and the extinction and destruction of animal and plants, then power generation costs would increase 17% for natural gas and 25% for coal (Kagel, 2006) In Texas, geothermal energy initially provided a small amount of revenue recently The amount was $55,645 in fees paid for energy leases on 11,000 coastal acres of state lands in February, 2007 Ten percent of any revenue from energy generated in this land will go to the Texas’ Permanent School Fund (Combs, 2008e) Consequently, in 2009 the General Land Office leased three areas for geothermal development and that will result in $386,000 in annual revenue for the state’s Permanent School Fund, even without any energy production (TGLO, 2010) 59 Currently, geothermal energy plays a very small role in Texas’ economy Yet, that could change with additional technical improvements and if the current proposed projects move forward Jobs and Income Utilizing the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s JEDI (Jobs & Economic Development Impact) Models we are able to estimate the potential impact of a wind and solar facilities While all sections of the State are in a position to benefit from some level of renewable energy manufacturing and/or production, South and West Texas are in particularly good position to take advantage of future growth The potential impacts of two similar sized projects of 100 MW, one being wind and the other, a centralized solar power trough plant is: Jobs during construction 10 Jobs during operation Earnings during construction (millions) 11 Annual earnings during operations (millions) Solar 2,249 112 $145 $6 Wind 496 23 $19 $1 Now, if Texas were to double the amount of installed capacity generated from wind it could potentially create 466,736 jobs during the construction phases, 2,164 permanent jobs during the operation phase, $1.7 billion in earnings during the construction phase, and $94 million annually during operations The per MW impact from solar facilities is even greater VI Conclusion Energy is very important in Texas In 2006 the oil and gas industry alone accounted for 14.9% of the Gross State Product The State produces more energy than any other state, 11.3 trillion Btu (2007) and consumes more than any other state per year, 11.8 trillion Btu (2007) A result of that dominance is that the State is also the largest emitter of CO2 from electric power production, 252 million metric tons in 2008 At the same time that Texas leads the country in traditional energy production and consumption, there is also tremendous opportunity in development of renewable energy The expansiveness of the State drives the opportunity in the renewable energy sector A recent study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ranks Texas number one with regards to wind energy potential generation at 6.5 million GWh The state also has 250 “quads” of solar energy accessible every year, more than enough to meet the demands of every citizen in the State Renewable energy sources are not just limited to the wind and solar Texas also has great potential in other sources as well such as geothermal, biomass, and biofuels from algae and other sources Texas already has a strong presence in renewable energy: 10 Jobs during the construction phase and operation phase include direct, indirect, and induced Income during the construction phase and operation phase are in millions of dollars and include direct, indirect, and induced 11 60 • • • 72% of total biomass energy was used by the industrial sector, compared to the national average of 55% (Combs, 2008a) By the end of 2009, Texas had installed 9,410 MW of wind energy capacity, leading the country Wind-related manufacturing is growing in Texas Companies based in Texas now produce different parts for wind turbines, like blades, towers, and nacelles However, it is the potential of the renewable energy industry in Texas, from manufacturing to production, which can have a significant impact: • Biomass and Bio-energy o Algae production for use in bio-fuel is extremely promising Algae require three ingredients to grow: carbon dioxide, high solar radiation, and brackish water or water high in salt concentration In Texas, the best areas for algae production are West Texas and the Gulf Coast A perfect situation would be to match petrochemical facilities and power plants in the Gulf of Mexico and algae production, so CO2 could be captured to produce biofuels/bioproducts (Combs, 2008a) • Geothermal o In five to ten years, Texas could have 2,000 to 10,000 MW of geothermal energy capacity provided through oil and gas wells o In April 2009, the Land Office awarded three geothermal energy leases off the Texas coast to Geo Texas Co., which will be generating geothermal energy on 128,758 acres of state underwater land off the coasts of Brazoria, Galveston, and Matagorda counties • Solar o One study estimates that Texas could capture around 13% of all new jobs and investments concerned with solar PV technologies by 2015 (Combs, 2008b, 2008c) o West Texas has enough resources to produce up to 351 million MWh of electricity and 75% more direct solar radiation than East Texas • Wind o 17,000 MW of installed capacity could generate 1,700 full time jobs o Texas is one of the regions in the country with the lowest cost due to higher performance and lower development and installation costs (Combs, 2008d, 2008c) Lower costs lead to lower prices, which makes this energy source more attractive While all sections of the State are in a position to benefit from some level of renewable energy manufacturing and/or production, South and West Texas are in particularly good position to take advantage of future growth The potential impacts of two similar sized projects of 100 MW, one being wind and the other, a centralized solar power trough plant is: 61 12 Jobs during construction Jobs during operation Earnings during construction (millions) 13 Annual earnings during operations (millions) Solar 2,249 112 $145 $6 Wind 496 23 $19 $1 If Texas were to double the amount of installed capacity generated from wind it could potentially create 466,736 jobs during the construction phases, 2,164 permanent jobs during the operation phase, $1.7 billion in earnings during the construction phase, and $94 million annually during operations The impact from solar facilities is even greater There are still a few issues that will impact the future of the renewable energy industry in Texas The economics of construction and operations is still challenging Development of renewable energy sources has, over time, been supported by various incentives and standards at the federal and State level The major incentive for construction and production of renewable energy is the federal production tax credit (PTC) set in 1992 at $0.015/kWh Since then, it has been renewed and expanded several times, most recently in 2009, and is currently set at $0.02/kWh The Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is also a major engine for the development of renewable energy Additionally, transmission lines from rural parts of the State where the energy is produced to where it is consumed are critical 12 Jobs during the construction phase and operation phase include direct, indirect, and induced Income during the construction phase and operation phase are in millions of dollars and include direct, indirect, and induced 13 62 References 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