Renewable energy to meet energy demand a

Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change Md Musfiqur Rahman Bhuiya, Hossain Mohiuddin, Khandaker Nabid Morshed, Ahmad Jami Safayet Undergraduate Student, Level 3, Term 2, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, BUET Abstract In today’s world, energy supply is facing two basic problems i.e limitation of fossil fuels and climate change caused by greenhouse gas emission We have to identify an unlimited source of energy with zero emission from fuels in this regard Renewable energy sources like bioenergy, geothermal energy, hydroelectricity, wind energy can be integrated into our present and future energy system as they are the energy sources endowed with a large potential to displace emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels and hence to mitigate climate change Keywords: Solar energy, Biogas, Hydroelectricity, Wind energy, Climate change INTRODUCTION World’s energy demand is augmenting day by day and so is the GHG gas emission leading to climate change and so is the case with Bangladesh Bangladesh is experiencing an increased demand of fossil fuel at present The country’s per capita annual energy consumption is about 171 kgoe, which is much below the world average of 1778 kgoe (IEA, 2007) Whether if we have had sufficient supply of fossil fuel, oil, coal to meet this energy demand, there will be enormous emission of greenhouse gases, extreme rise time in temperature and drought, rise in sea-level and increased frequency of flood as an ultimate consequence climate change The only solution of this dilemma is use of increased use of renewable energy For this reason, under Clean Development Management Project under Kyoto Protocol, there was a special focus on renewable energy to mitigate climate change CONTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE AND MEET ENERGY DEMAND AND ITS BANGLADESH POTENTIALITY IN Solar Energy Solar energy, most abundant source of energy, being non-material is pollution free Photovoltaic cells converts sunlight directly to energy without enrolment of any chemical reaction, so there is no emission of pollutants Producing hydrogen as solar fuel is a completely clean technology; no hazardous wastes or climate changing byproducts are formed and only sunshine and water are required as inputs to the process Bangladesh is situated between 20”43’ north and 26”38’ north latitude and as such Bangladesh is in a very favorable position in respect of the utilization of solar energy Annual amount of radiation varies from 1840 to 1575 kwh/sqm which is 50-100% higher than in Europe So, the average yearly direct solar energy available in the country of Bangladesh is 9.07 X 10^8 TJ estimated to be 25610 million tons of coal equivalents So, the average yearly direct solar energy available in the country of Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change Bangladesh is 9.07 X 10^8 TJ estimated to be 25610 million tons of coal equivalents which is 623 times larger than annual energy consumption of 1.465380 X 10^6 TJ Wind Energy Wind is the cleanest energy source to produce energy from its kinetic energy possessing a high potential to provide mechanical energy or electricity without generating pollutants IPCC 2012 report reveals that in year 2009 wind energy was capable of meeting 1.8% energy demand of the world and 20% of the energy demand in year 2050 by its expansion as an alternative source of greenhouse gas producing fossil fuel or oil Estimation of global technical potential for onshore and offshore energy ranges from 70-450 EJ/year and 15-130 EJ/year respectively (IPCC, 2012) Bangladesh has a 724 km long coast line and many small islands in the Bay of Bengal where strong southwesterly trade wind and sea-breeze blow in the summer months and there is gentle northeasterly trade wind and land breeze in winter months which are suitable for driven pumps and electricity generation in coastal areas The Bangladesh Power Development Board has estimated that wind energy can contribute to 10% of the energy needs of the country Great potentiality of wind speed in shore areas can trim down dependency on carbon-di-oxide producing diesel for the industries in coastal areas where electrical grid is unavailable such as Chittagong, Chokoria, Coxs Bazar or difficult to extend grid connection to island like Maheskhali Bioenergy Bioenergy with advanced and efficient conversion system are able to deliver 80-90% reduction in GHG emission when used instead of fossil fuels (IPCC 2012) Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels releases CO, CO2, methane, particle materials that have a negative effect for local climate change and ecosystem When biomass is harvested renewably—for example, from standing trees or agricultural residues, CO2 already emitted to the atmosphere is sequestered as biomass re-grows The twin effect of bioenergy (Reducing GHGs and preventing air pollution) has been described quantitatively for biogas below: 1m3 cattle manure = 22.5 m3 biogas = 146 kWh gross = 36 kg CO2 Emissions m3 biogas (up to 65% methane) = 0.5 l fuel oil = 1.6 kg CO2 m3 biogas = 5.5 kg fire wood = 11 kg CO2 (Energypedia, 2012) When applied for industrial or municipal wastewater treatment, surface waters and other water resources (rivers, sea, ground and drinking water resources) are being protected Bangladesh has a bright future in biogas technology due to available supply of raw materials Cattle dung available from 22 million cows and buffaloes is nearly 0.22 million tons One ton of dung can produce 37 m3 of biogas Besides, a substantial amount of biogas can be produced from human and other animal excreta, garbage and water hyacinth Available cattle dung can produce 2.97 x 109 m3 of gas which is equivalent to 1.52 x 106 tons of kerosene or 3.04 x 106 tons of coal (Energypedia, 2012) The share of transport sector in the total consumption of petroleum products is about 54% which implies transport sector is responsible for 54% greenhouse house emission in Bangladesh (ECEEE 2009, SUMMER STUDY) Due to twin effect of biodiesel, it can evolve as an alternative of fuel for motorized vehicle for mitigating climate Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change pollution The scope of hydropower generation is very limited in Bangladesh because of its plain terrains except in some hilly region in the northeast and southeast parts of the country However there are lots of canals, tributaries of main river Karnafuli, Shangu, Matamuhuri as well as tiny waterfalls having good potentials for setting up mini/micro hydropower unit in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) region change effect by reducing emissions of pollutants from transport sector in Bangladesh Hydroelectricity Hydroelectricity is an eco-friendly clean power generation method based on energy of moving water falling from upper to lower elevation Electricity produced from it does not depend on fossil fuel and hence reduces environmental Table 1:Contribution of Renewable Energy to mitigate climate change and meet energy demand Renewable energy source Impact on mitigating climate Contribution to meet energy change  Solar energy demand Solar fuel hydrogen, produced by electrolysis  by PV or the need for additional photo -biological without process any comfort heating GHG requirements emission  by about 15% for Solar cooling and heating and electricity production existing buildings and about 40% for new from photovoltaic cell buildings.(IPCC, 2012)  not require gasoline and no emission of pollutant gas as it does not emit pollutant gas while no was about 22 GW (IPCC, 2012)  the system Solar house reduces carbon emissions kilograms  system dioxide by As of the end of 2009, the installed capacity for PV power production gasoline is required to run  Well-designed passive solar systems decrease The EPIA shows that by the year 2030, PV systems could be 375 generating annually.( approximately 1.8 TW Climate and Development of electricity around the Knowledge Network) world Damage of surface plane, crack and corrosion of  By reducing corrosion or damage of surfaces it Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change structures, affecting the environment, can be somewhat protected by   covering or occupying the free space of any structures by solar sensor panels By absorbing energy the solar panels can reduce  temperature at a microclimate scale and intensity of heat island effect  reduces the amount of both maintenance cost and energy required It will pave the way to make any building as well as structures self sufficient in energy or introducing a zero power house The efficiency of solar energy charged sources are about 20% higher Solar energy converters has a positive impact on precipitation rate of than that of a fossil fuel vegetation which is directly related to storage of surface and ground water  Wind energy  Wind energy’s contribution is shown to  In year 2009 wind energy was capable of grow to 21 to 25% by year meeting 2050 to reduce greenhouse demand of the gas and 20% of the energy Due to non-chemical  energy generation process, no C02 is produced  (IPCC, 2012) 1.8% energy world demand in year 2050 Offshore energy ranges from 70-450 EJ/year Onshore energy ranges from 15-130 EJ/year (IPCC, 2012)  Biomass energy Efficient biomass  and advanced energy can 2050 Technical Nagar Shoilee title reduce GHG emission to potential in TJ/year : 80-90%  Agricultural residue:15-70 The overall mitigation from biomass energy coming from the forest sector is estimated to Dedicated biomass production on surplus agricultural land:0700 reach 400 Mt CO2/yr up Dedicated biomass production to 2030  Advanced bioenergy systems and end-use technologies can also on marginal lands:0-110 Forest biomass: 0-110 Dung:5-50 substantially reduce the emissions of black carbon Organic wastes: 5->50 and other short-lived GHGs such as methane (IPCC, 2012)  and carbon monoxide  (CO), which are related to the burning of biomass in  of producing CNGs With proper use of the by product of a biogas traditional open fires and plant the energy kilns requirement can be (IPCC, 2012)  It provides the options reduced indirectly Biogas production system can balance the amount of excessive free organic  matters in environment  Hydroelectricity Hydropower is a clean source of energy, as it  Hydropower by the end of 2008 contributed burns no fuel and does not 16% produce electricity supply greenhouse gas  (GHG) emissions, other pollutants, or wastes  of worldwide Worldwide total installed hydropower associated with fossil fuels capacity in 2009 was or nuclear power 926 GW, producing Hydropower’s GHG emissions factor to 18 grams CO2 equivalent per annual generation of 3,551 TWh/yr (IPCC,2012) Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change kilowatt-hour is 36 to 167 times lower than the  emissions produced by electricity generation from fossil fuels hydropower (IPCC, generation from 2005 to 2050  2012) IEA (2008) suggests 60% growth of Power generation capacity by different hydropower project: Large facilitated Hydro Power Plant:>10 GW Low Hydropower Plant: less than 10 GW Micro Hydropower Plant: Up to 100 KW Pico Hydropower Plant: less than KW (Wikipedia) COST EFFECTIVENESS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Solar energy: Cost effectiveness of solar energy cannot be observed in the initial stage But it will be beneficial for the whole economy and the environment in the long run In the global market a Photovoltaic (PV) single 100 MW solar plant cost about 300 million dollar and also cost is dropping in a huge amount day by day On the other hand a 100 MW coal based plant needs about 250 million dollars and this price is increasing day by day(Shannon, J.B, 2012) A 100 MW diesel based power plant cost of 100 million dollars in Bangladesh (BBS,2012) But in the case of solar energy the fuel cost is zero and very low maintenance cost which is only 5% of the total cost (Shannon, J.B, 2012) But in the case of coal and diesel plant huge amount of coal and diesel needed for the plant for each unit production of electricity These fuel prices are increasing day by day So in the long run it becomes very much expensive than solar based panel Also solar panel can establish to produce in very distant villages where electricity lines have not reached So this solar energy is cost effective and necessary for a developing country like Bangladesh In the context of climate change mitigation solar energy plays an important role in climate change effect mitigation A 100MW plant produces 164000 tons of CO2 and to dissolve this amount of CO2 extra physical and environmental cost is needed (Shannon, J.B, 2012).On the other environmental cost of solar plant is zero So from economic, environmental and development Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change perspective a solar energy is cost effective than any other traditional source of energy Wind energy: Wind energy is another source of renewable energy which is economical than traditional source of energy For constructing a wind plant capital cost of average million dollar is needed for per MW energy production Running and operation cost is very low and need zero fuel cost for electricity production It is found that average 1KWh wind electricity production cost is 03 dollars where most natural gas plant cost is 08 dollar and petroleum fuel based need 11 dollars (Morgan,J, 2012) which are traditionally most commonly using in Bangladesh So wind will be very much economical Bangladesh than the traditional power plants Biogas plant: Bangladesh is a agriculture base country Also it has a huge amount of poultry and firm in its village area So it will be very much cost effective to these firms’ wastes to use them as fuel in biogas plant Also uses of local material will decrease the countries dependency on huge amount of fuels for foreign countries It is found that cost of 1KWh electricity production is only 04 dollar which is very much lower than the natural gas and petroleum based plant (Khan E.U) Also it can establish easily in the rural areas and availability of fuel very economical Hydroelectricity: Hydroelectricity is the most economical source of energy production than any other techniques The cost of 1KWh electricity from hydroelectricity is 009 dollar only which very lower than any other process So the overall renewable energy is cost effective in terms of electricity production than traditional methods There are also invisible cost savings in the renewable energy This renewable energy generally uses local raw material, sun light, wind and water velocity to produce electricity So they save a huge amount fuels like diesel, natural gas which Bangladesh have to import this from foreign countries This needs a huge amount of foreign reserve of the country Also these resources are scare So for long term energy solution renewable energy is economical and sustainable RENEWABLE BANGLADESH ENERGY STATUS IN Solar Energy: • The number of households in Bangladesh using solar panels is more than one million (IDCOL,2011) • It has been targeted to produce 50 MW power within year 2012 by solar PV panel (REIN) • LGED has installed total 40.5 kWp solar photo voltaic units have been installed under Sustainable Rural Energy project It encompassed diversified application of PV to illustrate solar home systems, growth centre electrification, cluster village power supply, electricity supply to the tourist resort, rural clinic, local govt institutions, tribal community, rural water supply etc (REIN, 2012) Grameen Shakti, IDCOL, different NGOs have also taken up similar initiatives • Under the rural electrification project it has been targeted to install 30000 solar home systems every year (World Bank, 2012) • Since November 2010, the government has mandated the installation of roof-top solar panels on all new high-rise buildings Wind Power: • Wind energy can potentially generate more than 2000 megawatts of electricity in the coastal regions (Indian Review of Global Affairs, November 2011) • Energy outputs from Kutubdia and Kuakata Wind Power System are about 200 MWh and 230 MWh respectively.(BCAS) Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change • BRAC has installed 11 small wind turbines in various coastal sites for power generation.( BCAS) • Grameen Shakti has installed two wind generators of 300 W and KW for shrimp cultivation and (3 X1.5 KW + 1X 10KW) small wind generators in Borguna for electricity supply Wind generators are aimed to provide electricity for rice husking, sewing machine, ice making.( BCAS) • Kaptai Hydroelectricity Plant has a capacity of 230 MWe with annual electricity production of 833 GWh Feasibility study shows that on average 500GWh electricity can be produced from proposed plan on Matamuhuri and Sangu.( Bangladesh, 2010) • LGED through Sustainable Rural Energy (SRE) Project has implemented first micro-hydro power unit at Bamerchara, • LGED has setup wind pumps of 385 W Chittagong of capacity of the system was 4kW (REIN) at Coxs bazaar, Khustia, Tangail and other places (BCAS) • SRE has identified potential microBioenergy: hydropower sites from which power generation of 135 KW is expected (REIN) • BCSIR has installed 22100 biogas CONCLUSION plants for cooking and electrification in rural areas It has also installed around lach Renewable energy is of great importance to improved stove (REIN) meet the energy demand across the world by appearing as a substitute for fossil fuel By • GS installed about 5,333biogas plant reducing emission of green house gases it is (IDCOL supported) and 370 commercial and 2000 domestic improved cook stoves Grameen contributing to withstand against climate Shakti has taken a massive program for the change This paper suggests that Bangladesh has coming years which is aiming to install more a great potentiality to use renewable energy million biogas plants and 10 million improved effectively Besides it can be proved very much cook stoves by the year 2015 economically for a developing country like Bangladesh It is encouraging that Bangladesh is • LGED installed 1142 biogas plant focusing on the use of renewable energy to meet among which was community based (LGED, its energy demand and hence to deal with 2008) LGED has installed biogas based power climate change issue It can go further by generation unit of 10 KW at Faridpur and power increasing use of renewable energy to meet generation unit of 3.5 KW at Netrokona energy demand in an ecologically sustainable (REIN) way • BRAC has installed 3000 biogas plants There has been recent installation of power units of 800 Wp at Shaturia and Shafipur Upazilla (REIN) Hydroelectricity: Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change REFERENCE Bangladesh” Power Development Board (BPDB)”, Kazem, A.Z et al (2010), “Climate and Renewable Energy”, Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University - Mashad Branch, Iran, 26-28 April 2010 URL: http://www.lged-rein.org/bpdb.php, accessed on 27-04-2012 Islam, A.K.S.M and Islam, M, (2005), “Status of Renewable Energy Technologies in Bangladesh”, V o l u m e 1, ICESCO Science and Technology Vision, M a y 2005, pp.-51-56 Akhtar, n, (1997), “Alternative energy situation in Bangladesh”, A country review paper presented at the regional training orientation course on alternative energy technologies, Approtech Asia Philippine Social Development Center, Philippines, July 1997 Akbar, S.M (2010), “Bangladesh”, Nuclear Power & Energy Division (NPED), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Islam, S.M.F, (2008), “Renewable Energy in Bangladesh”, IDCOL, 27 April 2008 REIN Bangladesh, 2012, “Biomass interventions”, URL: http://www.lgedrein.org/database.php?pageid=68 accessed on 01-05-2012 Technical Support Unit Working Group III, (2012), “Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation:Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Cambridge University Press, New York,2012 REIN, Bangladesh, 2012, “Renewable Energy Development & Energy Efficiency Measure of Index Mundi, 2012, “Bangladesh - energy use”, URL: http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/e nergy-use accessed on 27-04-2012 REINBangladesh,2012,“Microhydrointerventio ns”,URL:http://www.lgedrein.org/database.php? pageid=69 accessed on 23-04-2012 Driesen, D.M, (2007),“Renewable Energy under the Kyoto Protocol: The Case for Mixing Instruments”, College of Law, Syracuse University 1-1-2007 Hossain,A, (n.d), “Wind Energy in Bangladesh”, BCAS EnergypediaBETA, 2012, “Environmental Benefits of Biogas Technology”,URL:https://energypedia.info/inde x.php/Environmental_Benefits_of_Biogas_Tech nology accessed on 4-4-2012 EnergypediaBETA, 2012, “Biogas technology in Bangladesh”, URL: https://energypedia.info/index.php/Biogas_techn ology_in_Bangladesh accessed on 4-4-2012 Rahman, S.U (2009), “Fuel consumption of transport sector: how the people of Dhaka City will be moving in the future?” ECEEE 2009 SUMMER STUDY Centre for Climate and Energy Solution,(2012), “Hydropower”, URL: http://www.c2es.org/technology/factsheet/hydro power accessed on 06-05-2012 PEW Centre “Hydropower: October,2009 on Global Climate Climate Change, TechBook”, Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change Arora,S (2011), “Wind Energy in Bangladesh: A Promise for the Future”,November, 2011 motivated-adopt-sustainable-energysolutions accessed on 20-06-2012 Gofran,M,A, (n.d), “Status of Technology in Bangladesh” BBS (2012), “100 MW power plant at Keraniganj goes for trial production”, URL: Biogas IRIB World Service English Radio(2012); Islam,S, “Bangladesh aims for big growth in solar energy by 2015”, URL:http://english.irib.ir/subcontinent/analysis/ articles/item/80243-bangladesh-aims-for-biggrowth-in-solar-energy-by-2015 accessed on 0405-2012 Climate and Development Knowledge Network (July 06, 2011);Amin, A.R.M.R, “Explosion of solar power in Bangladesh”, URL: http://cdkn.org/2011/07/explosion-of-solarpower-in-bangladesh/ accessed on 07-04-2012 http://www1.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat= 0&id=227091&date=2012-02-13 accessed on 20-06-2012 Morgan,J (April, 2010), “ Comparing energy cost of Nuclear, Coal, Gas, Wind and Solar.”,April,2010 URL: http://nuclearfissionary.com/2010/04/02/compar ing-energy-costs-of-nuclear-coal-gas-wind-andsolar/ accessed on 20-06-2012 REIN Bangladesh ,2012; “Wind interventions”,URL: http://www.lgedrein.org/database.php?pageid=67 accessed on 23-04-2012 Talukder,M.F.S.I (August 2010), “Impact assessment of biogas plants: A case study in Bangladesh”, Master’s Thesis submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Of Master of Engineering in Energy and Environmental Management, International Institute of Management ,University of Flensburg, Germany Khan, E.U ,(n.d), “ Small scale renewable polygeneration in Bangladesh for electric power generation and arsenic free water production”,TPS Termiska Processor AB URL: http://www.sustainablefuture.se/ppt/Biogas%20Projec t%20Presentation_web.pps accessed on 20-06-2012 Shannon, J.B (May,2012), “China Motivated to Adopt Sustainable Energy Solutions”, May,2012 URL: http://www.energyboom.com/policy/china- Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change Nagar Shoilee ... installation of power units of 800 Wp at Shaturia and Shafipur Upazilla (REIN) Hydroelectricity: Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change REFERENCE Bangladesh”... emissions factor to 18 grams CO2 equivalent per annual generation of 3,551 TWh/yr (IPCC,2012) Nagar Shoilee Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change kilowatt-hour is 36 to 167.. .Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change Bangladesh is 9.07 X 10^8 TJ estimated to be 25610 million tons of coal equivalents which is 623 times larger than annual energy