Assessing the impact of climate change and adaptation actions of the hmong ethnic minority in khuay day village, binh trung commune, cho don district, bac kan province

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY HOANG MY HAO TOPIC TITLE: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION ACTIONS OF THE H'MONG ETHNIC MINORITY IN KHUAY DAY VILLAGE, BINH TRUNG COMMUNE, CHO DON DISTRICT, BAC KAN PROVINCE BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office Batch : 2016 - 2020 Thai Nguyen, December 2020 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY HOANG MY HAO TOPIC TITLE: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION ACTIONS OF THE H'MONG ETHNIC MINORITY IN KHUAY DAY VILLAGE, BINH TRUNG COMMUNE, CHO DON DISTRICT, BAC KAN PROVINCE BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office Batch : 2016 - 2020 Supervisor : Dr Truong Thi Anh Tuyet Thai Nguyen, December 2020 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Hoang My Hao Student ID DTN1653040057 Thesis Title Assessing The Impact Of Climate Change And Adaptation Actions Of The H'mong Ethnic Minority In Khuay Day Village, Binh Trung Commune, Cho Don District, Bac Kan Province Supervisor Dr Truong Thi Anh Tuyet Supervisor’s signature Abstract: As natural resources are further stressed due to rising levels of social demand, it is strategically necessary to consider the effects of climate change on different components of the natural environment in the management of this essential resource This study focuses on analyzing and assessing the impact of climate change on water resources of the H'mong ethnic minority people in Khuay Day village, Binh Trung commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province Data for this study was collected through focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews and field observation to gather the impacts of climate change on production, water resource and how local people adapt to climate change This study documents weather changes that help local communities better understand climate change and can find suitable adaptation measures The case of the H’mong people in Bac Kan province agrees they are vulnerable to climate change and they need to have supports from government to enhance resilience to climate change in adapting to it Keywords Climate change, natural resources, H’mong, adaptation, vulnerable Number of Pages 54 Date of Submission i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to lecturers in the Advanced Education Program and to lecturers at the Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, who have given me profound knowledge not only of my subjects but also of my soft skills and have given me the great opportunity to complete my thesis It is my pleasure to work with a profound supervisor- Dr Truong Thi Anh Tuyet, who always helped me any time She also gave me the best conditions, supported all materials for my research and discussed any problems I got whenever I did a survey and analyzed data She also helps me a lot in spending much time checking my thesis report Finally, I would really like to express my appreciation to my family and friends, who are always beside me Their support and encouragement provided the pump which led me to my success Sincerely, Hoang My Hao ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research’s objectives 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.3.1 Research questions .4 1.3.2 Hypothesis 1.4 Significant of research 1.5 Limitations 1.6 Definitions PART II LITERATURE REVIEW Social vulnerability by climate change 2.2 Impacts of climate change on natural resources availability 10 2.3 Impacts of climate change on livelihood and human health 12 2.4 H’mong ethnic minority 13 2.4.1 H’mong livelihoods .13 2.4.2 Indigenous or local Knowledge 14 PART III METHODOLOGY 17 3.1 Study area .17 3.2 Methods 19 3.2.1 Interview design 19 3.2.2 Interview process 19 3.2.3 Data analysis .22 PART IV RESULTS 23 4.1 General information 23 iii 4.1.1 General information of participants 23 4.1.2 Main sources of income .25 4.2 Changes in climate over the past 10 years .26 4.3 Impacts of climate change on water resources .27 4.3.1 The status of water sources 27 4.3.2 Effect of Climate change on water resources .30 4.4 Effect of climate change on production 32 4.5 Local people adapt to climate change 33 4.6 The other challenges for adapting to climate change .36 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 39 5.1 Discussion .39 5.2 Conclusion 44 REFERENCES 45 APPENDICES iv LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Social-economic background of respondents 23 Table 4.2: The experience of climate change over the past 10 years 27 Table 4.3: The water source for irrigation .30 Table 4.4: The way that local people are adapting to climate change 34 Table 4.5: Using indigenous knowledge as an indicator for the weather change 35 Table 4.6: The other challenges to adapt to climate change and suggestion of local people 36 Table 5.1: Climate change adaptation activities in agricultural production of farm households in Quang Nam province (Chuong et al, 2020) 43 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: How inequality and insecurity are directly and indirectly linked Figure 3.1: The map of research area 18 Figure 4.1: Income sources of H’mong people in the village .26 Figure 4.2: The location of all water points in Khuay Day Commune 28 Figure 4.3: The water source for household activities 29 Figure 5.1: Temperature variation of Bac Kan Province over the last 50 years 40 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FGDs : Focus group discussions IK : Indigenous knowledge vii PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale In recent years, the phrase "climate change" has been concerned and searched by many people Climate change is a real challenge for future socio-economic development, climate change response is considered as a priority activity of any locality, country, the territory in the world Responding to climate change involves a two-pronged approach: Adaptation and Mitigation (Martens et al., 2009) Vietnam is evaluated as one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change ( Can, 2010; Dasgupta et al., 2007) Recent climate change studies in Vietnam have shown that the effects of disasters have increased, especially on poorer and rural communities in the mountainous and coastal regions (Shaw, 2006; Bangalore et al., 2016; Delisle and Turner, 2016) Accordingly, Vietnam's ethnic minorities, who are largely resident in these peripheral regions, are particularly susceptible and vulnerable to their impacts and are more likely to face rapid risks (Son, 2013; Wildcat, 2013; Savo et al., 2016; William et al., 2016; and Ella et al., 2017) Water source does not only plays an important role in human health but also has a great impact on life, agricultural production, and industry Especially for ethnic minorities, their life is mainly based on agriculture, they need water for production and daily activities However, the net negative effect of climate change on water supplies and freshwater habitats is predicted to be encountered in almost all regions of the world (IPCC, 2007) And the intensity and features of the impact can differ significantly from region to region It is possible that certain areas will face water shortages This is likely to result in significant rises in the number of people at risk of Hải, P H (2019) SINH KẾ HỘ GIA ĐÌNH NGƯỜI H’MÔNG DI CƯ TỰ DO TẠI XÃ RÔ MEN, HUYỆN ĐAM RÔNG, TỈNH LÂM ĐỒNG Livelihood households of H’mong people free migrants in Ro Men Commune, Dam Rong District, Lam Dong Province Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Đà Lạt, 9(4), 55-72 Hậu, N X., & Tân, P V (2015) Đánh giá tác động Biến đổi khí hậu đến ngập lụt lưu vực sông Nhật Lệ, Việt Nam Impact Assessment of Climate Change on 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Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(4), 251-256 53 APPENDICES Table 8: The coordinates of water points in village Types Longitude (East) Latitude (North) 105°33'56" 21°58'10'' 105°33'35" 21°58'11" 105°33'52'' small stream from 105° mountains mountains Khuoi Dun Daily domestic use 34' Khuoi Dun Daily domestic use 21° 59' 14" Group 34' 34" Khuoi Dun Daily domestic use 21° 58' 49" Group small stream from mountains Group 21° 58' 49" Group 14" small stream from 105° 21°58'25" 33' 50" small stream from 105° mountains Group Khuổi Vằm Daily domestic use small stream from mountains Group Khuổi Vằm Daily domestic use small stream from mountains Cetre 105°33'34" 21°58'36' 105°33'14" 21°58'33" 105°34'33" 21°58'27" 105°34'33" 21°58'26" of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Center self-dug water hole of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Center self-dug water hole of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Center self-dug water hole Uses Khuổi Vằm Daily domestic use small stream from mountains Location of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Longitude (East) Types Latitude (North) Location Center self-dug well 105°34'22" 21°58'28" stream mountains stream mountains stream mountains stream mountains stream mountains 105°34'16" 21°58'30" from of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Center Well of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Waterfall 105°34'34" from 105° 34' 15" from 105° 34' 38" group Daily domestic use group Waterfall Irrigation 21° 58' 53" group 34' 27" from 105° Daily domestic use Waterfall 21° 58' 2" 25" from 105° 21°57'48" Uses Cetre of Irrigation 21° 58' 29" Khuoi Day 34' Waterfall 21° 58' 7" group Irrigation Table 9: List of Focus Group Discussion Questions I Background: The age: Academic level: Where does your curent source of income come from? Have there been any significant changes to the environment around you over last 10 years? If so, what have you noticed? Even including small changes? II Water resource conditions: What type of water you use for drinking? What type of water you use for household activities? What type of water you use for irrigation? Where are these resources located? Please mark their location on the map provided and please take me those location to observe the water quality at the end of interview) III Climate change With the changes of weather, how will the water resources you use be affected? Is water enough to use or not? How weather changes affect production? What are the other challenges you find in your community for adapting to climate change? Have you, as a community, made any significant changes in your daily life in order to adapt to climate change? What about in water resource protection? The quality of the drinking water that is collected in the self-dug holes located around the village Two pipes that are used to pump water from wells or the self-dug pits to homes and fields The families rice paddy and water was brought back for the people to use A self-dug water hole near a residential dwelling The road to the village The head of village found out the water point The pre-school and primary school ... UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY HOANG MY HAO TOPIC TITLE: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION ACTIONS OF THE H'MONG ETHNIC MINORITY IN KHUAY DAY VILLAGE, BINH TRUNG COMMUNE, CHO. .. Assessing The Impact Of Climate Change And Adaptation Actions Of The H'mong Ethnic Minority In Khuay Day Village, Binh Trung Commune, Cho Don District, Bac Kan Province Supervisor Dr Truong Thi Anh... about their vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation to climate change This study assessed the impact of climate change in Bac Kan province of the H’mong people in one Village in Bac Kan Province