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Oracle9i: Program with PL/SQL
Electronic Presentation
40054GC11
Production 1.1
October 2001
D34010
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 1999, 2000, 2001. All rights reserved.
This documentation contains proprietary information of Oracle Corporation. It is provided under a
license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and is also protected by copyright
law. Reverse engineering of the software is prohibited. If this documentation is delivered to a U.S.
Government Agency of the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with Restricted Rights and the
following legend is applicable:
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Use, duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions for commercial computer
software and shall be deemed to be Restricted Rights software under Federal law, as set forth in
subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of DFARS 252.227-7013, Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software
(October 1988).
This material or any portion of it may not be copied in any formor by any means without the express
prior written permission of the Education Products group of Orac le Corporation. Any other copying is
a violation of copyright law and may result in civil and/or criminal penalties.
If this documentation is delivered to a U.S. Government Agency not within the Department of
Defense, then it is delivered with “Restricted Rights,” as defined in FAR 52.227-14, Rights in Data-
General, including Alternate III (June 1987).
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. If you find any problems in the
documentation, please report them in writing to Worldwide Education Services, Oracle Corporation,
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Authors
Nagavalli Pataballa
Priya Nathan
Technical Contributors
and Reviewers
Anna Atkinson
Bryan Roberts
Caroline Pereda
Cesljas Zarco
Coley William
Daniel Gabel
Dr. Christoph Burandt
Hakan Lindfors
Helen Robertson
John Hoff
Lachlan Williams
Laszlo Czinkoczki
Laura Pezzini
Linda Boldt
Marco Verbeek
Natarajan Senthil
Priya Vennapusa
RogerAbuzalaf
Ruediger Steffan
Sarah Jones
Stefan Lindblad
Susan Dee
Publisher
SherylDomingue
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
Curriculum Map
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
Languages Curriculum for Oracle9i
Introduction to Oracle9i
for
Experienced SQL Users
inClass
Oracle9i: Advanced PL/SQL
inClass
Oracle9i: Advanced PL/SQL
inClass
Oracle9i: SQL for
End Users
inClass
Oracle9i: SQL for
End Users
inClass
Oracle9i: Program with PL/SQL
inClass
Oracle9i: Develop PL/SQL
Program Units
Oracle9i: Develop PL/SQL
Program Units
Oracle9i: PL/SQL
Fundamentals
or
Introduction
to Oracle9i:
SQL Basics
Introduction to
Oracle9i: SQL
inClass
Oracle9i:
Advanced
SQL
I
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
Overview of PL/SQL
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
I-2
Course Objectives
Course Objectives
After completing this course, you should be able to
do the following:
• Describe the purpose of PL/SQL
• Describe the use of PL/SQL for the developer as
well as the DBA
• Explain the benefits of PL/SQL
• Create, execute, and maintain procedures,
functions, packages, and database triggers
• Manage PL/SQL subprograms and triggers
• Describe Oracle supplied packages
• Manipulate large objects (LOBs)
After completing this course, you should be able to
do the following:
• Describe the purpose of PL/SQL
• Describe the use of PL/SQL for the developer as
well as the DBA
• Explain the benefits of PL/SQL
• Create, execute, and maintain procedures,
functions, packages, and database triggers
• Manage PL/SQL subprograms and triggers
• Describe Oracle supplied packages
• Manipulate large objects (LOBs)
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
I-3
About PL/SQL
About PL/SQL
• PL/SQL is the procedural extension to SQL with
design features of programming languages.
• Data manipulation and query statements of SQL
are included within procedural units of code.
• PL/SQL is the procedural extension to SQL with
design features of programming languages.
• Data manipulation and query statements of SQL
are included within procedural units of code.
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
I-4
PL/SQL Environment
PL/SQL Environment
PL/SQL
block
PL/SQL engine
Oracle server
Procedural
statement
executor
PL/SQL
SQL
SQL statement executor
PL/SQL
block
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
I-5
Benefits of PL/SQL
Benefits of PL/SQL
Integration
Integration
Application
Oracle server
Shared
library
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
I-6
Benefits of PL/SQL
Benefits of PL/SQL
Improved performance
Improved performance
Application
Other DBMSs
Application
Oracle with
PL/SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
IF THEN
SQL
ELSE
SQL
END IF;
SQL
[...]... 1-9 Non -PL/SQL variables: Bind and host variables Non -PL/SQL variables: Bind and host variables Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001 All rights reserved Using iSQL*Plus Variables Within PL/SQL Using iSQL*Plus Variables Within PL/SQL Blocks Blocks • • • • You can reference substitution variables within a You can reference substitution variables within a PL/SQL block with a preceding ampersand PL/SQL. .. following: do the following: • Recognize the basic PL/SQL block and its sections • Recognize the basic PL/SQL block and its sections • • • • • • 1-2 Describe the significance of variables in PL/SQL Describe the significance of variables in PL/SQL Declare PL/SQL variables Declare PL/SQL variables Execute a PL/SQL block Execute a PL/SQL block Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001 All rights reserved PL/SQL. .. Summary • • • • • • PL/SQL is an extension to SQL PL/SQL is an extension to SQL Blocks of PL/SQL code are passed to and Blocks of PL/SQL code are passed to and processed by a PL/SQL engine processed by a PL/SQL engine Benefits of PL/SQL: Benefits of PL/SQL: – – – – – – – – • • • • I-12 Integration Integration Improved performance Improved performance Portability Portability Modularity of program development... reserved Declaring PL/SQL Variables Declaring PL/SQL Variables Syntax: Syntax: identifier [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT NULL] [:= | DEFAULT expr]; Examples: Examples: DECLARE v_hiredate v_deptno v_location c_comm 1-12 DATE; NUMBER(2) NOT NULL := 10; VARCHAR2(13) := 'Atlanta'; CONSTANT NUMBER := 1400; Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001 All rights reserved Guidelines for Declaring PL/SQL Variables Guidelines... convention for PL/SQL identifiers: for example, v_employee_id Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001 All rights reserved Variable Initialization and Keywords Variable Initialization and Keywords • • • • • • Assignment operator (:= ) Assignment operator (:= ) DEFAULT keyword DEFAULT keyword NOT NULL constraint NOT NULL constraint Syntax: Syntax: identifier := expr; Examples: Examples: v_hiredate := '01-JAN-2001';... of PL/SQL Benefits of PL/SQL Modularize program development Modularize program development … … … DECLARE BEGIN EXCEPTION END; I-7 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001 All rights reserved Benefits of PL/SQL Benefits of PL/SQL • • • • I-8 PL/SQL is portable PL/SQL is portable You can declare variables You can declare variables Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001 All rights reserved Benefits of PL/SQL. .. Corporation, 2001 All rights reserved Benefits of PL/SQL Benefits of PL/SQL • • • • I-9 You can program with procedural language You can program with procedural language control structures control structures PL/SQL can handle errors PL/SQL can handle errors Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001 All rights reserved Benefits of Subprograms • • • • I-10 Easy maintenance Improved data security and integrity... performance Portability Portability Modularity of program development Modularity of program development Subprograms are named PL/SQL blocks, declared Subprograms are named PL/SQL blocks, declared as either procedures or functions as either procedures or functions You can invoke subprograms from different You can invoke subprograms from different environments environments Copyright © Oracle Corporation,... TIMESTAMP WITH WITH WITH WITH TIME ZONE TIME ZONE LOCAL TIME ZONE LOCAL TIME ZONE INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001 All rights reserved Scalar Variable Declarations Scalar Variable Declarations Examples: Examples: DECLARE v_job v_count v_total_sal v_orderdate c_tax_rate v_valid 1-22 VARCHAR2(9); BINARY_INTEGER := ... variables in the executable section section Pass values into PL/SQL blocks through Pass values into PL/SQL blocks through parameters parameters View results through output variables View results through output variables Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001 All rights reserved Types of Variables Types of Variables • • PL/SQL variables: PL/SQL variables: – Scalar – Scalar – Composite – Composite – Reference .
inClass
Oracle9i: SQL for
End Users
inClass
Oracle9i: Program with PL/SQL
inClass
Oracle9i: Develop PL/SQL
Program Units
Oracle9i: Develop PL/SQL
Program. for Oracle9i
Introduction to Oracle9i
for
Experienced SQL Users
inClass
Oracle9i: Advanced PL/SQL
inClass
Oracle9i: Advanced PL/SQL
inClass
Oracle9i: SQL
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