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THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING CAN THO UNIVERSITY SUMMARY OF THE DISSERTATION Major: Land Management Major Code: 98 05 01 03 NGUYEN VAN UT BE EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF LAND USE TYPES FOR PLANTING ACACIA HYBRID AND MELALEUCA CAJUPUTI IN TERMS OF ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT IN U MINH HA, CA MAU Can Tho, 2021 THE PROJECT WAS COMPLETED IN CAN THO UNIVERSITY THE PROJECT WAS COMPLETED IN CAN THO UNIVERSITY Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Le Tan Loi The dissertation was defended to the doctoral committee at the college level Venue: Administration Building, Can Tho University Date and time: 1:30 PM, February 03, 2021 Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Vien Ngoc Nam Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr.Vo Thanh Danh Finding dissertation at: Learning resource center, Can Tho University Viet Nam National Library PUBLICATIONS Nguyen Van Ut Be, Le Tan Loi, Ly Hang Ni and Ho Thi Kieu Tran, 2017 Evaluating water properties in the trench of land-use types of Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi at U Minh Ha, Ca Mau Can Tho University, Volume 1: Environment and climate change Journal of Science 79-85 https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jsi.2017.033 Nguyen van Ut Be, Le Tan Loi, Ly Trung Nguyen and Nguyen Viet Trung, 2018 Assesing the impact of land use for Acacia hydrid on the pH, exchangeable Al and Fe2O3 in U Minh Ha forest, Ca Mau province Journal of Vietnam Soil Science Sustainable Use of Land Resources in the Mekong River Delta 66-71 Nguyen Van Ut Be, Le Tan Loi, Ly Trung Nguyen and Nguyen Viet Trung, Assessment of acidity soil properties in the use of Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi plantations in U Minh Ha forest, Ca Mau Vietnam Journal of Soil Science Workshop on Land Resources Potential and development 49-53 Nguyen Van Ut Be, Le Tan Loi, Ly Trung Nguyen and Ly Hang Ni, 2019 Economic and environmental efficiency of Acacia hybrid between ages 4, and in U Minh Ha forest, Ca Mau Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Science and technology magazine 109-115 Nguyen Van Ut Be, Le Tan Loi, 2020 Economic assessment of landuse patterns of Acacia hybrid (Acacia hybrid) and Melaleuca cajuputi in U Minh Ha, Ca Mau Journal of Soil Science and Land Management Topic: Land degradation and solutions to improve land resources under the impact of salinity on agricultural development in the Mekong Delta 74-78 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 The necessity of the thesis 1.1.1 Objectives 1.2.1 Overall objective Evaluate the efficiency of land use types for planting Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi in terms of economy and environment in U Minh Ha zone, Ca Mau province From these data, the research proposes effective and sustainable forest management and development solutions for the U Minh Ha, Ca Mau 1.2.2 Specific objectives Objective 1: Surveying and evaluating the status of Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi plantation The research uses this data for assessing the economic efficiency between two types of land use which are shallow and deep acid sulfate soil in U Minh Ha, Ca Mau Objective 2: Evaluating soil and water environment of land-use models that contain shallow and deep acid sulfate soil for Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca plantation Objective 3: Analysing of economic efficiency and environmental impacts of land-use models that contains shallow and deep acid sulfate soil for Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca plantation According to this, the research proposes effective and sustainable solutions for forestry production in U Minh Ha, Ca Mau 1.3 The scopes of the study Study site: U Minh and Tran Van Thoi districts, U Minh Ha, Ca Mau province The research was conducted from 8/2016 to 8/2020 1.4 Research objects - Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi Powell - Proto - Thionic Fluvisols - The water of the planting site 1.5 Research objects Content 1: Surveying and investigating the possibility of exploiting non-wood forest products of households in the area that used for Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi plantation in U Minh Ha, Ca Mau From there, it is used to evaluate economic efficiency on both types of land use for Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi in U Minh Ha, Ca Mau Content 2: Surveying and investigating soil and water environment in models of cropping systems growing Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi on shallow and deep acid sulfate soil; determine the CO2 absorption capacity of Acacia hybrid to assess the impact of Acacia hybrid or Melaleuca cajuputi on the soil, water and aquatic environment Content 3: Comparing and analyzing the economic efficiency of land use types for growing Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi, thereby proposing suitable solutions to develop Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi in U Minh Ha, Ca Mau 1.6 The novel aspects of the thesis The first: This is the latest scientific research about the soil and water environmental components in the Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi growing zone on acid sulfate soil (Proto-Thionic Fluvisols) in cropping systems in the U Minh Ha zone, Ca Mau province The second: This is the first time the author has scientifically evaluated the economic efficiency of Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi cultivation in the other cropping systems on acid sulfate soil in the U Minh Ha zone, Ca Mau province 1.7 The scientific meaning and applicability 1.7.1 Scientific meaning This research has contributed to clarifying the scientific arguments about the environmental impacts of soil and water from environmental changes caused by planting Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi 1.7.2 Applicability Propose a land-use model suitable for acid sulfate soil characteristics Provide scientific information and reference materials for managers and technicians to develop plans, schemes, and options for afforestation in the future and can be expanded to apply to other places that have similar conditions like U Minh Ha, Ca Mau CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction to the study area - Site 1: Tran Hoi commune, Tran Van Thoi district, Ca Mau province The farmers use the shallow acid sulfate soil (Proto Thionic Fluvisols) to grow Acacia hybrid - Site 2: Khanh Thuan Commune, U Minh District, Ca Mau Province The farmers use the deep acid sulfate soil (Proto Thionic Fluvisols) to plant Acacia hybrid - Site 3: The buffer zone of U Minh Ha National Park, Ca Mau province Farmers use the shallow and deep acid sulfate soil to cultivate Melaleuca cajuputi - Site 4: The core zone of U Minh Ha National Park is a natural Melaleuca cajuputi forest developed on the shallow and deep acid sulfate soil Figure 2.1 Site research 2.2 Research design The study was arranged completely randomized on acid sulfate soil (Proto Thionic Fluvisols) which used for cultivating Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi A total of 72 soil and water samples were collected for analysis Total soil and water samples collected at study sites for Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi plantations were 72 samples (4 sites x scales of area x replicates x samples) 2.3 Collecting and analysis method 2.3.1 Methods of collecting and analyzing soil samples 2.3.1.1 Soil samples Soil samples were collected from August 2016 to August 2017 Soil drilling was used to collect and describe soil profile at the depth of 2m according to the arising stratum Soil samples were collected at the first and the second stratum to analyze CHC, pH, EC, Al3+ parameters For indicators TAA and TPA, soil samples analyzed were collected according to the stratum The soil samples were collected when detecting the generating layer of TAA and TPA From the results of analyzing the criteria, the average value is calculated to determine the value for each indicator 2.3.1.2 Soil analysis Soil samples were analyzed at the laboratory of the Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Can Tho University, including the criteria and analytical methods described in Table 2.1 2.3.2 Methods of collecting and analyzing water samples 2.3.2.1 Soil samples - Water samples were collected from August 2016 to August 2018 - The location of water sampling was chosen as a location with a water ditch adjacent to the soil sampling location Water samples were collected at the centre of the trench, by using a plastic bottle (250 ml) with a plastic bottle cap and then submerged in water at a depth of about 20 cm - 40 cm, then open the bottle to fill with water and seal Take it out of the water and store it 2.3.2.2 Water analysis Water samples were analyzed at the laboratory of the Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Can Tho University, including the criteria and analytical methods described in Table 2.2 Water chemistry indexes evaluated to compared with surface water standards of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, applied for conservation of aquatic plants and animals and other purposes 2.4 Interviewing famers method This method is applied to interview and collect information and data on the socio-economic efficiency of production models of Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi timber, freshwater fish and honey Table 2.3 Information on economic, social and environmental factors that need to be surveyed 2.5 Research method of economic efficiency land-use type of planting Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi 2.5.1 Research method of economic efficiency freshwater fish and honey Benefit = Income – Cost (2.1) Capital efficiency (B/C): Income/ Cost (2.2) 2.5.2 Research method of economic efficiency Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi The research focused on the criteria: Net Present Value, Benefit-cost Ratio, Internal Rate of Return for evaluating economic efficiency of timber 2.7 Data analysis The descriptive statistical method is used to analyze data by SPSS statistical software through ANOVA analysis and Duncan test at 95% confidence level to compare the characteristics of soil and water CHAPTER RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 The economic efficiency land-use type of planting Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi Powell 3.1.1 Economic efficiency of timber The total cost of the model of Acacia hybrid production (30.9 million VND/ha/5 years, an average of 6.18 million VND/ha/year) and times higher than the production of melaleuca Total income from Acacia hybrid (139.2 million VND/ha/5 years, average 27.8 million VND/ ha/year) is 3.5 times higher than Melaleuca cajuputi (40 million VND/ha/7 years, an average of 5.71 million VND/ha/year) The total profit of Acacia hybrid (80.9 million VND/ ha/5 years, an average of 16.2 million VND/ha/year) is 2.4 times higher than that of Melaleuca cajuputi (33.8 million VND/ha/7 years, an average of 4.83 million VND/ha/year) Although the total investment cost of Acacia hybrid is high, farmers chose to harvest timber at the time of 5-year Acacia hybrid hybridization This is the time when Acacia hybrid providing the optimal wood yield In addition, the price of Acacia hybrid is higher than Melaleuca cajuputi, which in turn brings both revenue and profit for Acacia hybrid better than Melaleuca cajuputi 3.1.2 Economic efficiency of freshwater fish Total cost for exploiting freshwater fish from Melaleuca cajuputi forest (56.5 million VND/ha/7 years, on average 8.07 million VND/ha/year), 1.45 times higher than Acacia hybrid (38.2 million VND/ha /5 years, an average of 7.64 million VND/ha/ year) The total income from freshwater fish from Melaleuca cajuputi forests (73.9 million VND/ha/7 years, an average of 10.6 million VND/ha/year), is 1.35 times higher than Acacia hybrid (54,6 million VND/ha/5 years, an average of 10.9 million VND/ha/year) Total profit from Melaleuca cajuputi (17.4 million VND/ha/7 years, an average 2.49 million VND /ha/year) and Acacia hybrid (16.4 million VND/ha/5 years, on average) 3.28 million VND/ha/year) is an insignificant difference If idle labour is used in farm households, the total profit from Melaleuca cajuputi forest fish is the highest (73.9 million VND/ha/7 years, an average of 10.5 million VND/ha/year), Acacia hybrid (54.6 million VND/ha/ years, 10.9 million VNDha /year on average) The yield and selling price of copper fish are the factors determining high or low sales The time of harvesting field fish in the Melaleuca cajuputi plantation area (7 years) is years longer than that of Acacia hybrid (5 years), so the total yield is higher than that of Acacia hybrid However, fish productivity was low in both regions and the selling price was low, so revenue was not high On the other hand, the cost increases with the time it is cultivated, resulting in low profitability 3.1.3 Economic efficiency of rafter beekeeping The total income and total profit from rafter beekeeping in the Acacia hybrid zone are lower than in the Melaleuca cajuputi zone The total cost of rafter beekeeping from Melaleuca cajuputi forest is highest (12.8 million VND/ha/6 years, on average 1.08 million VND/ha/year) is 1.95 times higher than Acacia hybrid forest (6.57 million VND/ha/3 years, an average of 1.83 million VND / / year) There was a statistically significant difference in EC in soil between the Acacia hybrid area compared to Melaleuca cajuputi area In particular, the EC in Acacia hybrid cultivation is lower than that of Melaleuca cajuputi The EC difference between the two regions is most clearly shown that EC in the area > 10ha (natural forest) has a statistically higher difference in low acidity than in all areas in the Acacia hybrid area The reason is that in the Acacia hybrid area, EC has been leached, moreover because it is high up, not flooded, so the EC in the soil does not increase and tends to decrease over time In general, EC in Acacia hybrid and Melaleuca cajuputi plantations are low and non-toxic to plants 3.2.1.2 Al3+ (meq / 100g), TAA (mol / cm3), TPA (mol / cm3) The content of Al exchanged in Melaleuca cajuputi growing areas ranges from 1.40 - 10.73 meq / 100g, which tends to be higher than that of Acacia hybrid growing areas, ranging from 1.45 - 6.52 meq/100g However, the statistical analysis showed that Al exchange in the study area was almost no different and when compared between the corresponding areas in the two forest types Particularly in the area where area > 10ha (natural forest) deep alum soil in Melaleuca cajuputi plantation area, Al content exchanged is 10.73 meq/ 100g, higher than all other areas, except for area
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